Chinese corporation code
The Company Law of the People’s Republic of China has been amended and adopted at the 18th session of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China on October 27, 2005. The amended Company Law of the People’s Republic of China is promulgated hereby and shall go into effect as of January 1, 2006.
The President of the People’s Republic of China Hu Jintao
October 27, 2005
The Company Law of the People’s Republic of China (revised in 2005)
(Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People’s Congress on December 29, 1993. Revised for the first time on December 25, 1999 in accordance with the Decision of the Thirteenth Session of the Standing Committee of the Ninth People’s Congress on Amending the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China. Revised for the second time on August 28, 2004 in accordance with the Decision of the 11th Session of the Standing Committee of the 10th National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China on Amending the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China. Revised for the third time at the 18th Session of the 10th National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China on October 27, 2005)
Contents,
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Establishment and Organizational Structure of a Limited Liability Company
Section 1 Establishment
Section 2 Organizational Structure
Section 3 Special Provisions on One-person Limited Liability Companies
Section 4 Special Provisions on Solely State-owned Companies
Chapter III Transfer of Stock Right of a Limited Liability Company
Chapter IV Establishment and Organizational Structure of a Joint Stock Limited Company
Section 1 Establishment
Section 2 Shareholders’ Meeting
Section 3 Board of Directors, Managers
Section 4 Board of Supervisors
Section 5 Special Provisions on the Organizational Structure of a Listed Company
Chapter V Issuance and Transfer of Shares of a Joint Stock Limited Company
Section 1 Issuance of Shares
Section 2 Transfer of Shares
Chapter VI Qualifications and Obligations of the Directors, Supervisors and Senior Managers of a Company
Chapter VII Company Bonds
Chapter VIII Financial Affairs and Accounting of a Company
Chapter IX Merger and Split-up of a Company; Increase and Deduction of Registered Capital
Chapter X Dissolution and Liquidation of a Company
Chapter XI Branches of a Foreign Company
Chapter XII Legal Liabilities Chapter XIII Supplementary Provisions
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1 This Law is formulated for the purposes of regulating the organization and operation of companies, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of companies, shareholders and creditors, maintaining the
socialist economic order, and promoting the development of the socialist market economy
Article 2 The term "company" as mentioned in this Law refers to a limited liability company or a joint stock company limited established within the territory of the People’s Republic of China in accordance with the provisions of this law.
Article 3 A company is an enterprise juridical person, which has independent juridical person property and enjoys the property right of the juridical person. And it shall bear the liabilities for its debts with all its property. As for a limited liability company, the shareholders shall be responsible for the company to the extent of the capital contributions they have paid. As for a joint stock limited company, the shareholders shall be responsible for the company to the extent of the shares they have subscribed to.
Article 4 The shareholders of a company shall be entitled to enjoy the capital proceeds, participate in making important decisions, choose managers and enjoy other rights.
Article 5 When undertaking business operations, a company shall comply with the laws and administrative regulations, social morality and business morality. It shall act in good faith, accept the supervision of the government and the general public, and bear social responsibilities.
The legitimate rights and interests of a company shall be protected by laws and may not be infringed.
Article 6 For the establishment of a company, an application for establishment and registration shall be filed with the company registration authority. If the application meets the requirements for establishment of this Law, the company registration authority shall register the company as a limited liability company or a joint stock limited company. If the application fails to meet the requirements for establishment of this Law, it shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a joint stock limited company.
If any law or administrative regulation stipulates that the establishment of a company shall be subject to approval, the relevant approval formalities shall be gone through prior to the registration of the company.
The general public may consult the relevant matters on company registration at a company registration authority, which shall provide consulting services.
Article 7 For a lawfully established company, the company registration authority shall issue the company business license to it, and the date of issuance of the company business license shall be the date of establishment of the company. The company business license shall state the name, domicile, registered capital, actually paid capital, business scope, the name of the legal representative and etc. If any of the items as stated in the business license is changed, the company shall modify the registration, and the company registration authority shall replace the old business license by a new one.
Article 8 For a limited liability company established according to this Law, it shall indicate in its company name the words "limited liability company" or "limited company". For a joint stock limited company established according to this Law, it shall indicate in its company name the words "joint stock limited company" or "joint stock company".
Article 9 The change of a limited liability company to a joint stock limited company shall satisfy the requirements as prescribed in this Law for joint stock limited companies. The change of a joint stock limited company to a limited liability company shall meet the conditions as prescribed in this Law for limited liability companies. Under any of the aforesaid circumstances, the creditor’s rights and debts of the company prior to the change shall be succeeded by the company after the change.
Article 10 A company shall regard the locus of its main office as its domicile.
Article 11 The company established according to this law shall formulate its articles of association which are binding on the company, its shareholders, directors, supervisors and senior managers.
Article 12 The company’s business scope shall be defined in its articles of association and shall be registered according to law. The company may change its business scope by modifying its articles of association, but shall go through the formalities for modifying the registration. If the business scope of a company covers any item subject to approval pursuant to laws or administrative regulations, the approval shall be obtained according to law.
Article 13 The legal representative of a company shall, according to the provisions of its articles of association, be assumed by the chairman of the board of directors, acting director or manager, and shall be registered according to law. If the legal representative of the company is changed, the company shall go through the formalities for modifying the registration.
Article 14 The company may set up branches. To set up a branch, the company shall file a registration application with the company registration authority, and shall obtain the business license. The branch shall not enjoy the status of an enterprise juridical person, and its civil liabilities shall be born by its parent company.
The company may set up subsidiaries which enjoy the status of an enterprise juridical person and shall be independently bear civil liabilities.
Article 15 A company may invest in other enterprises. However, it shall not become a capital contributor that shall bear the joint liabilities for the debts of the enterprises it invests in, unless it is otherwise provided for by any law.
Article 16 Where a company intends to invest in any other enterprise or provide guarantee for others, it shall, according to the provisions of its articles of association, be decided at the meeting of the board of directors or shareholders or shareholders’ convention. If the articles of association prescribe any limit on the total amount of investments or guarantees, or on the amount of a single investment or guarantee, the aforesaid total amount or amount shall not exceed the responsive limited amount. If a company intends to provide guarantee to a shareholder or actual controller of the company, it shall make a resolution through the shareholder’s meeting or shareholders’ convention.
The shareholder as mentioned in the preceding paragraph or the shareholder dominated by the actual controller as mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall not participate in voting on the matter as mentioned in the preceding paragraph. Such matter requires the affirmative votes of more than half of the other shareholders attending the meeting.
Article 17 The company shall protect the lawful rights and interests of its employees, conclude employment contracts with the employees, buy social insurances, strengthen labor protection so as to realize safe pro duction.
The company shall, in various forms, reinforce the vocational education and in-service training of its employees so as to improve their personal quality.
Article 18 The employees of a company shall, according to the Labor Union Law of the People’s Republic of China, organize a labor union, which shall carry out union activities and safeguard the lawful rights and interests of the employees. The company shall provide necessary conditions for its labor union to carry out activities. The labor union shall, on behalf of the employees, conclude the collective contract with the company with respect to the remuneration, working hours, welfare, insurance, work safety and sanitation and other matters.
Pursuant to the Constitution and other relevant laws, a company shall implement democratic management in the form of meeting of the representatives of the employees or any other ways.
To make a decision on restructuring or any important issue related to business operation, or to formulate any important regulation, a company shall solicit the opinions of its labor union, and shall solicit the opinions and proposals of the employees through the meeting of the representatives of the employees or in any other way.
Article 19 An organization of the Chinese Communist Party shall, according to the Charter of the Chinese Communist Party, be established in the company to carry out activities of the Chinese Communist Party. And the company shall provide necessary conditions for the activities of the Chinese Communist Party.
Article 20 The shareholders of a company shall comply with the laws, administrative regulations and articles of association, and shall exercise the shareholder’s rights according to law. None of them may injure any of the interests of the company or of other shareholders by abusing the shareholder’s rights, or injure the interests of any creditor of the company by abusing the independent status of juridical person or the shareholder’s limited liabilities.
Where any of the shareholders of a company causes any loss to the company or to other shareholders by abusing the shareholder’s rights, it shall be subject to compensation.
Where any of the shareholders of a company evades the payment of its debts by abusing the independent status of juridical person or the shareholder’s limited liabilities, and thus seriously damages the interests of any creditor, it shall bear joint liabilities for the debts of the company.
Article 21 Neither the controlling shareholder, nor the actual controller, any of the directors, supervisors or senior managers of the company may injure the interests of the company by taking advantage of its connection relationship. Anyone who has caused any loss to the company due to violation of the preceding paragraph shall be subject to compensation.
Article 22 The resolution of the shareholders’ convention, shareholders’ meeting or board of directors of the company that has violated any law or administrative regulation shall be null and void.
Where the procedures for convoking and the voting form of a shareholders’ convention or shareholders’ meeting or meeting of the board of directors, violate any law, administrative regulation or the articles of association, or the resolution is in violation of the articles of association of the company, the shareholders may, within 60 days as of the day when the resolution is made, request the people’s court to revoke it.
If the shareholders initiate a lawsuit according to the preceding paragraph, the people’s court shall, in light of the request of the company, demand the shareholders to provide corresponding guarantee.
Where a company has, in light of the resolution of the shareholders’ convention, shareholders’ meeting or meeting of the board of directors, completed the modification registration, and the people’s court declares the resolution null and void or revoke the resolution, the company shall file an application with the company registration authority for revoking the modification registration.
Chapter II Establishment and Organizational Structure of a Limited Liability Company Section 1 Establishment
Article 23 The establishment of a limited liability company shall satisfy the following conditions:
(1) The number of shareholders accords with the quorum;
(2) The amount of capital contributions paid by the shareholders reaches the statutory minimum amount of the registered capital;
(3) The articles of association are worked out jointly by shareholders;
(4) The company has a name and its organizational structure complies with that of a limited liability company; and
(5) The company has a domicile.
Article 24 A limited liability company shall be established by not more than 50 shareholders that have made capital contributions.
Article 25 A limited liability company shall state the fol lowing items in its articles of association:
(1) the name and domicile of the company;
(2) the business scope of the company;
(3) the registered capital of the company;
(4) names of shareholders;
(5) forms, amount and date of capital contributions made by shareholders;
(6) the organizations of the company and its formation, their functions and rules of procedure;
(7) the legal representative of the company;
(8) other matters deemed necessary by shareholders. The shareholders should affix their signatures or seals on the articles of association of the company.
Article 26 The registered capital of a limited liability company shall be the total amount of the capital contributions subscribed to by all the shareholders that have registered in the company registration authority. The amount of the initial capital contributions made by all shareholders shall be not less than 20% of the registered capital, nor less than the statutory minimum amount of registered capital, and the margin shall be paid off by the shareholders within 2 years as of the day when the company is established; as for an investment company, it may be paid off within 5 years. The minimum amount of registered capital of a limited liability company shall be RMB 30, 000 Yuan. If any law or administrative regulation prescribes a relatively higher minimum amount of registered capital of a limited liability company, the provisions of that law or administrative regulation shall be followed.
Article 27 A shareholder may make capital contributions in currency, in kind or intellectual property right, land use right or other non-monetary properties that may be assessed on the basis of currency and may be transferred according to law, excluding the properties that shall not be treated as capital contributions according to any law or administrative regulation.
The value of the non-monetary properties as capital contributions shall be assessed and verified, which shall not be over-valued or under-valued. If any law or administrative regulation prescribes the value assessment, such law or administrative regulation shall be followed.
The amount of the capital contributions in currency paid by all the shareholders shall be not less than 30% of the registered capital of the limited liability company.
Article 28 Every shareholder shall make full payment for the capital contribution it has subscribed to according to the articles of association. If a shareholder makes his/its capital contribution in currency, he shall deposit the full amount of such currency capital contribution into a temporary bank account opened for the limited liability company. If the capital contributions are made in non-monetary properties, the appropriate transfer procedures for the property rights therein shall be followed according to law. Where a shareholder fails to make his/its capital contribution as specified in the preceding paragraph, it shall not only make full payment to the company but also bear the liabilities for breach of the contract to the shareholders who have make full payment of capital contributions on schedule.
Article 29 The capital contributions made by shareholders shall be checked by a lawfully established capital verification institution, which shall issue a certification.
Article 30 After the initial capital contributions made by the shareholders for the first time have been checked by a lawfully established capital verification institution, the representative designated by all the shareholders or the agent entrusted by all the shareholders shall apply for establishment and registration with a company registration application, the articles of association, capital verification and other documents to the company registration authority.
Article 31 After the establishment of a limited liability company, if the actual value of the capital contributions in non-monetary properties is found to be apparently lower than that provided for in the articles of association of the company, the balance shall be supplemented by the shareholder who has offered them, and the other shareholders of the company who have established the company shall bear joint liabilities.
Article 32 After the establishment of a limited liability company, every shareholder shall be issued with a capital contribution certificate, which shall specify the following:
(1) the name of the company;
(2) the date of establishment of the company;
(3) the registered capital of the company;
(4) the name of the shareholder, the amount of his capital contribution, and the day when the capital contribution is made; and
(5) the serial number and date of issuance of the capital contribution certificate. The capital contribution certificate shall bear the seal of the company.
Article 33 A limited liability company shall prepar e a register of shareholders, which shall specify the following:
(1) the name of every shareholder and his/its domicile thereof;
(2) the amount of capital contribution made by every shareholder;
(3) the serial number of every capital contribution certificate. The shareholders recorded in the register of shareholders may, in light of the register of shareholders, claim to and exercise the shareholder’s rights. A company shall register every shareholder’s name and the amount of its capital contribution in the company registration authority. Where any of the registered items is changed, it shall handle the modification of the registration. If the company fails to do so, it shall not, on the basis of the unregistered or un-modified registration item, stand up to any third party.
Article 34 The shareholder shall be entitled to consult and copy the articles of association, records of the shareholders’ meetings, resolutions of the meetings of the board of directors, resolutions of the meetings of the board of supervisors, as well as financial reports.
The shareholder may request to consult the accounting books of the company. Where a shareholder requests to consult the accounting books of the company, it shall submit to the company a written request which shall state its motives. If the company, pursuant to any justifiable reason, considers that the shareholder’s request to consult the accounting books for any improper purpose may damage the legitimate interests of the company, it may reject the request of the shareholder, and shall, within in 15 days after the shareholder submits a written request, give it a written reply which shall include an explanation. If the company rejects the request of any shareholder to consult the accounting books, the shareholder may plead the people’s court to demand the company to approve consultation.
Article 35 The shareholders shall distribute dividends in light of the percentages of capital contributions actually made by them, unless all shareholders agree that the dividends are not distributed on the percentages of capital contributions. Where the company is to increase its capital, its shareholders have the preemptive right to contribute to the increased amount on the basis of the same percentages of the old capital contributions they have made, unless all shareholders agree that they will not contribute to the increased amount of capital on the basis of the percentages of the old capital contributions they have made.
Article 36 After the establishment of a company, no shareholder may illegally take away the contribution capital. Section 2 Organizational Structure
Article 37 The shareholders’ meeting of a limited liability company shall comprise all the shareholders. It shall be the authority of the company, and shall exercise its authorities according to this Law.
Article 38 The shareholders’ meeting shall exercise the following authorities:
(1) determining the company’s operation guidelines and investment plans;
(2) electing and changing the director and supervisors assumed by non-representatives of the employees, and determining the matters concerning their remuneration;
(3) deliberating and approving the reports of the board of directors;
(4) deliberating and approving the reports of the board of supervisors or the supervisor;
(5) deliberating and approving annual financial budget plans and final account plans of the company;
(6) deliberating and approving profit distribution plans and loss recovery plans of the company;
(7) making resolutions on the increase or decrease of the company’s registered capital;
(8) making resolutions on the issuance of corporate bonds;
(9) adopting resolutions on the assignment, split-up, change of company form, dissolution, liquidation of the company;
(10) revising the articles of association of the company;
(11) other functions as specified in the articles of association. Where any of the matters as listed in the preceding paragraph is consented by all the shareholders it in writing, it is not required to convene a shareholders’ meeting. A decision may be made directly with the signatures or seals of all the shareholders.
Article 39 The shareholders’ meeting shall be convened and presided over by the shareholder who has made the largest percentage of capital contributions and shall exercise its authorities according to this Law.
Article 40 The shareholders’ meetings shall be classified into regular meetings and temporary meetings. The regular meetings shall be timely held in pursuance with the articles of association. Where a temporary meeting is proposed by the shareholders representing 1/10 of the voting rights or more, or by directors representing 1/3 of the voting rights or more, or by the board of supervisors, or by the supervisors of the company with no board of supervisors, a temporary meeting shall be held.
Article 41 Where a limited liability company has set up a board of directors, the shareholders’ meetings shall be convened by the board of directors and presided over by the chairman of the board of directors. If the chairman is unable or does not perform his duties, the meetings thereof shall be presided over by the deputy chairman of the board of directors. If the deputy chairman of the board of directors is unable or does not perform his duties, the meetings shall be presided over by a director jointly recommended by half or more of the directors. Where a limited liability company has not set up the board of directors, the shareholders’ meetings shall be convened and presided over by the acting director.
If the board of directors or the acting director is unable or does not perform the duties of convening the shareholders’ meeting, the board of supervisors or the supervisor of the company with no board of supervisors may convene and preside over such meetings. If the board of supervisors or supervisor does not convene or preside over such meetings, the shareholder representing 1 / 10 or more of the voting rights may convene and preside over such meetings on his/its own initiative.
Article 42 Every shareholder shall be notified 15 days before a shareholders’ meeting is held, unless it is otherwise prescribed by the articles of association or it is otherwise stipulated by all the shareholders. A shareholders’ meeting shall make records for the decisions on the matters discussed at the meeting. The shareholders who attend the meeting shall affix their signatures to the records.
Article 43 The shareholders shall exercise their voting rights at the shareholders’ meetings on the basis of their respective percentage of the capital contributions, unless it is otherwise stipulated by the articles of association.
Article 44 The discussion methods and voting procedures of the shareholders’ meeting shall be prescribed in the articles of association, unless it is otherwise provided for by this Law. A resolution made at a shareholders’ meeting on amending the articles of association, increasing or reducing the registered capital, merger, split-up, dissolution or change of the company form shall be adopted by the shareholders representing 2 / 3 or more of the voting rights.
Article 45 The board of directors established by a limited liability company shall comprise 3 up to 13 members, unless it is otherwise provided for in Article 51 of this Law. If a limited liability company established by 2 or more state-funded enterprises or other state-funded investors, the board of directors shall comprise the representatives of employees of this company. The board of directors of any other limited liability company may also comprise the representatives of employees of the company concerned. The employees’ representatives who are to serve as the board of directors shall be democratically elected by the employees of the company through the general meeting of the representatives of employees, employees’ meeting of the company or in any other way. The board of directors shall have one board chairman and may have one or more deputy chairman. The appointment of the chairman and deputy chairman shall be prescribed in the articles of association.
Article 46 The terms of office of the directors shall be provided for in the articles of association, but each term of office shall not exceed 3 years. The directors may, after the expiry of their term of office, hold a consecutive term upon re-election. If no reelection is timely carried out after the expiry of the term of office of the directors, or if the number of the members of the board of directors is less than the quorum due to the resignation of some directors from the board of directors prior to the expiry of their term of office, the original directors shall, before the newly elected directors assume their posts, exercise the authorities of the directors according to laws, administrative regulations as well as the articles of association.
Article 47 The board of directors shall be responsible for the shareholders’ meeting and exercise the following authorities:
(1) convening shareholders’ meetings and reporting the status on work thereto;
(2) carrying out the resolutions made at the shareholders’ meetings;
(3) determining the operation plans and investment plans;
(4) working out the company’s annual financial budget plans and final account plans;
(5) working out the company’s profit distribution plans and loss recovery plans;
(6) working out the company’s plans on the increase or decrease of registered capital, as well as on the issuance of corporate bonds;
(7) working out the company’s plans on merger, split-up, change of the company form, dissolution, and etc.;
(8) making decisions on the establishment of the company’s internal management departments;
(9) making decisions on hiring or dismissing the company’s manager and his remuneration, and, according to the nomination of the manager, deciding on the hiring or dismissing of vice manager(s) and the person in charge of finance as well as their remuneration;
(10) working out the company’s basic management system; and
(11) other functions as prescribed in the articles of association.
Article 48 The meeting of the board of directors shall be convened and presided over by the chairman of the board of directors. If the chairman of the board of directors is unable or does not perform his duties, the meeting may be convened or presided over by the deputy chairman of the board of directors. If the deputy chairman of the board of directors is unable or does not perform his duties, the meeting may be convened or presided over by a director jointly recommended by half or more of the directors.
Article 49 The discussion methods and voting procedures of the board of directors shall be prescribed by the articles of association, unless it is otherwise provided for by this Law. The board of directors shall make records of the decisions on the matters discussed at the meetings thereof. The shareholders who attend the meeting shall affix their signatures to the records.
In the voting on a resolution of the board of directors, one person shall have one vote.
Article 50 A limited liability company may have a manager who shall be hired or dismissed upon the decision of the board of directors. The manager shall be responsible for the board of directors and shall exercise the following authorities:
(1) taking charge of the management of the production and business operations of the company, and organizing to implement the resolutions of the board of directors;
(2) organizing the execution of the company’s annual operational plans and investment plans;
(3) drafting plans on the establishment of the company’s internal management departments;
(4) drafting the company’s basic management system;
(5) formulating the company’s concrete bylaws;
(6) proposing to hire or dismiss the company’s vice manager(s) and person(s) in charge of finance;
(7) deciding on the hiring or dismissing of the persons-in-charge other than those who shall be decided by the board of directors; and
(8) other authorities conferred by the board of directors.
If the articles of association prescribe otherwise the authorities of managers, the provisions in the articles of association shall be followed. The manager attends the meetings of the board of directors as a non-voting delegate.
Article 51 As for a limited liability company with relatively less shareholders or a relatively small limited liability company, it may have an acting director and no board of directors. The acting director may concurrently hold the post of the company’s manger.
The authorities of the acting director shall be prescribed in the articles of association.
Article 52 A limited liability company may set up a board of supervisors, which shall comprise at least 3 persons. A limited liability company, which has relatively less shareholders or is relatively small in scale, may have 1 or 2 supervisors, and does not have to establish a board of supervisors. The board of supervisors shall include representatives of shareholders and representatives of the employees of the company at an appropriate ratio which shall be specifically stimulated in the articles of association. The employees’ representatives, who are to serve as members of the board of supervisors, shall be democratically elected by the employees of the company through the meeting of the employees’ representatives or employees’ meeting, or by any other means. The board of supervisors shall have one chairman, who shall be elected by half or more of all the supervisors. The chairman of the board of supervisors shall convene and preside over the meetings of the board of supervisors. If the chairman of the board of supervisors is unable to or does not perform his duties, the supervisor recommended by half or more of the supervisors shall convene and preside over the meetings of the board of supervisors.
No director or senior manager may concurrently work as a supervisor.
Article 53 Every term of office of the supervisors shall be 3 years. The supervisors may, after the expiry of their term of office, hold a consecutive term upon re-election. If no reelection is timely carried out after the expiry of the term of office of the supervisors, or the number of the members of the board of directors is less than the quorum due to the resignation of some directors from the board of supervisors prior to the expiry of their term of office, the original supervisors shall, before the newly elected supervisors assum e their posts, exercise the authorities of the supervisors according to laws, administrative regulations as well as the articles of association.
Article 54 The board of supervisors or supervisor of a company with no board of supervisors may exercise the following authorities:
(1) checking the financial affairs of the company;
(2) supervising the duty-related acts of the directors and senior managers, and bringing forward proposals on the removal of any director or senior manager who violates any law, administrative regulation, the articles of association or any resolution of the shareholders’ meeting;
(3) demanding any director or senior manager to make corrections if his act has injured the interests of the company;
(4) proposing to convening temporary shareholders’ meetings, and convening and presiding over shareholders’ meetings when the board of directors does not exercise the functions of convening and presiding over the shareholders’ meetings as prescribed in this Law;
(5) bringing forward proposals at shareholders’ meetings;
(6) initiating actions against directors or senior managers according to Article 152 of this Law; and
(7) other duties as prescribed by the articles of association.
Article 55 The supervisors may attend the meetings of the board of directors as non-voting delegates, and may raise questions or suggestions on the matters to be decided by the board of directors.
If the board of supervisors or supervisor of the company with no board of directors finds that the company is running abnormally, it (he) may make investigations. Where necessary, it (he) may hire an accounting firm to help it (him) with the relevant expenses being born by the company.
Article 56 The board of supervisors shall hold meetings at least once a year. The supervisors may propose to hold temporary meetings of the board of supervisors.
The discussion methods and voting procedures of the board of supervisors shall be prescribed in the articles of association, unless it is otherwise stimulated in this Law.
The resolution of the board of supervisors shall be adopted by half or more of the supervisors. The board of supervisors shall make records for the resolutions on the matter it discusses, which shall be signed by the supervisors in presence.
Article 57 The expenses necessary for the board of supervisors or the supervisor of a company with no board of supervisors to perform its (his) duties shall be borne by the company.
Section 3 Special Provisions on One-person Limited Liability Companies
Article 58 The provisions of this Section shall apply to the establishment and organizational structure of a one-person limited liability. As for any matter not prescribed in this Section, it shall be subject to the provisions of Sections 1 and 2 of this Chapter.
The term "one-person limited liability company" as mentioned in this Law refers to a limited liability company with only one natural person shareholder or a juridical person shareholder.
Article 59 The minimum amount of registered capital of a one-person limited liability company shall be RMB 100, 000 Yuan. The shareholder shall, in a lump sum, pay the capital contribution as specified in the articles of association.
One natural person is allowed to establish merely one one-person limited liability company which shall not set up any further one-person limited liability company.
Article 60 A one-person limited liability company shall, in the company registration, give a clear indication that it is solely-funded by one natural person or one juridical person, and the same shall be specified in the business license of the company.
Article 61 The articles of association of a one-person limited liability company shall be formulated by the shareholders.
Article 62 A one-person limited liability company may not set up the board of directors. When the shareholders make a decision on any of the matters as listed in Article 38 of this Law, they shall make it in written form, and preserve it in the company after signed by the shareholders.
Article 63 A one-person limited liability company shall make a financial statement at the end of every fiscal year, which shall be subject to the audit by an accounting firm.
Article 64 If the shareholder of a one-person limited liability company is unable to prove that the property of the one-person limited liability company is independent from his own property, he shall bear joint liabilities for the debts of the company.
Section 4 Special Provisions on Solely State-funded Companies
Article 65 The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to the establishment and organizational structure of the solely state-owned companies. Any matter not prescribed by this Chapter shall be subject to the provisions of Sections 1 and 2 of this Chapter.
The term "sole ly state-owned company" as mentioned in this law refers to a limited liability company established through investment solely by the state, for which the State Council or the local people’s government authorizes the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution of the people’s government at the same level to perform the functions of the capital contributors.
Article 66 The articles of association of a solely state-owned company shall be formulated by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution, or shall be drafted by the board of directors and then be reported to the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution for approval.
Article 67 A solely state-owned company shall not set up the shareholders’ meeting, and the functions of the shareholders’ meeting shall be exercised by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution. The state-owned assets supervision and administration institution may authorize the board of directors of the company to exercise some of the functions of the shareholders’ meeting and decide on important matters of the company, excluding those that must be decided by the state-owned assets supervision and administration such as merger, split-up, dissolution of the company, increase or decrease of registered capital as well as the issuance of corporate bonds. The merger, split-up, dissolution or application for bankruptcy of an important solely state-owned company shall be subject to the examination of the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution, and then be reported to the people’s government at the same level for approval. The term "important solely state-owned company" as mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be determined according to the provisions of the State Council.
Article 68 A solely state-owned company shall establish the board of directors, which shall exercise its functions according to Articles 47 and 67 of this Law. Every term of office of the directors shall not exceed 3 years. The board of directors shall comprise representatives of the employees. And the members of the board of directors shall be designated by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution, but of whom the representatives of the employees shall be elected through the meeting of the representatives of the employees of the company. The board of directors shall have one chairman and may have a deputy chairman. The chairman and deputy chairman shall be designated by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution from the members of the board of directors.
Article 69 A solely state-owned company shall have a manager, who shall be hired or dismissed by the board of directors and exercise his authorities according to Article 50 of this Law. Upon consent of the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution, the members of the board of directors may concurrently hold the post of manager.
Article 70 None of the chairman, deputy chairman, directors and senior managers of a solely state-owned company may concurrently hold a post in any other limited liability company, joint stock limited company or any other economic organization, unless it is permitted by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution.
Article 71 The board of supervisors of a solely state-owned company shall comprise at least 5 persons, of whom the employees’ representatives shall account for not less than 1/3, and the concrete percentage shall be specified in the articles of association.
The members of the board of supervisors shall be appointed by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution, however, of whom the employees’ representatives shall be elected through the meeting of representatives of the employees of the company. The chairman of the board of supervisors shall be appointed by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution from the members of the board of supervisors. The board of supervisions shall exercise the functions as mentioned in Article 54 (1) through (3) of this Law and those prescribed by the State Council.
Chapter III Transfer of Stock Rights of a Limited Liability Company
Article 72 All or some of the stock rights of the shareholders of a limited liability company may be transferred between the shareholders.
Where a shareholder intends to transfer his/its stock rights to any non-shareholder, he/it shall be subject to the approval of more than half of the other shareholders. The shareholder shall notify the other shareholders in written form of the matters on the transfer of stock rights for their approval. If any of the other shareholders fails to give it a reply within 30 days after the receipt of the written notice, it shall be deemed to have agreed to the transfer. If half or more of the other shareholders disagree to the trans fer, the shareholders who disagree to the transfer shall purchase the stock rights to be transferred. If they refuse to purchase these stock rights, they shall be deemed to have agreed to the transfer. Under the same conditions, the other shareholders have a preemptive right to purchase the stock rights to be transferred upon their approval. If two or more shareholders claim the preemptive rights, they shall determine their respective percentage of purchase through negotiation. If they fail to reach an agreement during the negotiation, they shall exercise the preemptive rights on the basis of their respective percentage of capital contributions. Unless it is otherwise provided for of the transfer of stock rights in the articles of association, the articles of association shall be followed.
Article 73 When the people’s court transfers the stock rights of a shareholder in light of the mandatory enforcement procedures as provided for in laws, it shall notify the company and all the shareholders, and the other shareholders have a preemptive right under the same conditions. If any of the other shareholders fails to exercise their preemptive rights within 20 days after he/it receives the notice of the court, it shall be deemed to have waived his/its preemptive right.
Article 74 After a company transfers its stock rights according to Articles 72 and 73 of this Law, it shall cancel the capital contribution certificate of the former shareholder, issue a capital contribution certificate to the new shareholder and modify the record on the shareholders and their capital contributions in the articles of association and the register of shareholders. And no voting of the shareholders’ meeting is needed for the modification of the articles of association.
Article 75 Under any of the following circumstances, a shareholder, who votes against the resolution of the shareholders’ meeting, may request the company to purchase its stock rights at a reasonable price:
(1) The company has not distributed any profit to the shareholders for 5 consecutive years, though it has made profits for five consecutive years and meets the profit distribution conditions as prescribed in this Law;
(2) The merger, split-up, or transfer of the main properties of the company is undertaken;
(3) When the business term as prescribed in the articles of association expires or other reasons for dissolution as stipulated in the articles of association occur, the shareholders’ meeting makes the company continue existing by adopting a resolution on modifying the articles of association.
Within 60 days after the resolution is adopted at the shareholders’ meeting, if the shareholder and the company fail to reach an agreement on the purchase of stock rights, the shareholder may file a lawsuit to the people’s court within 90 days after the resolution is adopted at the shareholders’ meeting.
Article 76 After the death of a natural person shareholder, his lawful inheritor may inherit the shareholder’s qualifications, unless it is otherwise prescribed by the articles of association.
Chapter IV Establishment and Organizational Structure of a Joint Stock Limited Company Section 1 Establishment
Article 77 The establishment of a joint stock limited company shall meet the following conditions:
(1) The number of initiators meets the quorum;
(2) The capital stock subscribed for and raised by the initiators reaches the minimum amount of the statutory capital;
(3) The issuance of shares and the preparatory work accord with the provisions of the law;
(4) The articles of association are formulated by the initiators, and are adopted at the establishment meeting if the company is to be launched by stock floatation;
(5) The company has a name, and its organizational structure accords with that of a joint stock limited company
(6) The company has a domicile.
Article 78 A joint stock limited company may be established by ways of promotion or stock floatation. The establishment of a company by promotion means that the initiators establish a company by subscribing for all of the shares that should be issued by the company. The establishment of a company by stock floatation means that the initiators establish a company by subscribing for some of the shares that should be issued by the company and offering the remaining shares to the general public or to particular objects for subscription.
Article 79 To establish a joint stock limited company, there shall be not less than 2 but not more than 200 initiators, of whom half or more shall have a domicile within the territory of China.
Article 80, The initiators of a joint stock limited company shall undertake the preparatory work of the company. They shall conclude an agreement of initiators to clarify their respective rights and obligations during the course of establishing the company.
Article 81 Where a joint stock limited company is established by promotion, its registered capital shall be the total capital stock subscribed for by all the initiators as registered in the company registration authority. The minimum amount of initial capital contributions to be made by all initiators shall be not less than 20% of the total registered capital, and the remaining amount shall be paid off by the initiators within 2 years as of the day when the company is established, while for an investment company, the remaining amount may be paid off within 5 years. Before the registered capital is paid off, no stock may be offered to others for subscription.
Where a joint stock limited company is established by stock floatation, its registered capital shall be the total actually paid capital stock as registered in the company registration authority. The minimum amount of the registered capital of a joint stock limited company shall be RMB 5 million Yuan. If any law or administrative regulation prescribes a relatively higher minimum amount of registered capital, such provision shall be followed.
Article 82 The articles of association of a joint stock limited company shall specify the following matters:
(1) the name and domicile of the company;
(2) the business scope of the company;
(3) the form of company establishment;
(4) total shares, value of each share, and the amount of registered capital of the company;
(5) the name of every initiator, the shares it has subscribed for, as well as the form and date of capital contributions;
(6) the composition, authorities, term of office, and rules of procedure of the board of directors,
(7) the legal representative of the company;
(8) the composition, authorities, term of office, and rules of procedure of the board of supervisors;
(9) the methods for profit distribution of the company;
(10) the reasons for dissolution of the company and liquidation methods;
(11) the methods for issuing notices or public announcements of the company; and
(12) other matters deemed necessary by the meetings of shareholders.
Article 83 The form of capital contributions of initiators shall be subject to the provisions in Article 27 of this Law.
Article 84 When establishing a joint stock limited company by promotion, the initiators shall subscribe, in writing, for the full amount of shares prescribed in the articles of association. In the case of paying the capital contributions at one time, the initiators shall make the payment in a lump sum; in the case of paying the capital contributions by installments, the initiators shall make the down payment immediately. In the case of making capital contributions in non-monetary properties, the initiators shall go through the procedures for the transfer of property rights according to law.
If any of the initiators fails to make capital contributions by following the provisions of the preceding paragraph, it shall bear the liabilities for breach of contract according to the stipulations in the initiators agreement. After the initiators have made their down payment, they should elect the board of directors and the board of supervisors. The board of directors shall file a registration application with the company registration authority and submit thereto the articles of association, the capital verification certification as issued by a lawfully established capital verification institution, as well as other documents as stimulated by the laws and administrative regulations.
Article 85 For a joint stock limited company established by stock flotation, the shares subscribed for by the initiators shall not be less than 35 % of the total shares. However, if it is otherwise provided for by any law or administrative regulation, such law or administrative regulation shall prevail.
Article 86 When raising shares in the public, the initiators shall publish a prospectus and prepare share subscription forms. The share subscription form shall involve the items listed in Article 87, and a subscriber shall fill in the number and amount of shares he subscribes for and his domicile, and shall affix his signature or seal thereto. The subscriber shall pay the shares pursuant to the number of shares he has subscribed for.
Article 87 The prospectus shall be accompanied by the articles of association formulated by the initiators and shall state the following:
(1) the number of shares subscribed for by the initiators;
(2) the value and issuing price of each share;
(3) the total number of unregistered stocks issued;
(4) the purposes of the funds raised;
(5) the rights and obligations of the subscribers; and
(6) the beginning and ending dates for the public offer and a statement that the subscribers may revoke their subscriptions if the offer is under-subscribed at the close of the offer.
Article 88 The public offer shares shall be underwritten by a lawfully established securities company, and an underwriting agreement shall be concluded.
Article 89 As for the public offer shares, the initiators shall sign an agreement with the receiving bank.
The receiving bank shall receive and hold as an agent the payments for shares in light of the agreement, issue receipts to subscribers who have made the payments and be obliged to issue evidence of receipt of payments to the relevant departments.
Article 90 After the full payment for the public offer shares, they shall be verified by a lawfully established capital verification institution, and a certification shall be issued thereby. The initiators shall hold a company establishment meeting within 30 days, which shall comprise the subscribers. If the public offer shares are not fully subscribed for at the expiration of the time limit prescribed in the prospectus, or the initiators fail to hold an establishment meeting within 30 days after the full payment for the public offer shares, the subscribers may demand the initiators to make repayments for the public offer shares plus an interest calculated at the bank deposit interest rate for the same period.
Article 91 The initiators shall notify every subscriber of the date of the establishment meeting or make a public announcement on the meeting 15 days in advance. The establishment meeting may not be held, unless subscribers representing at least half of the shares appear. The establishment meeting shall exercise the following authorities:
(1) deliberating the report on the pre-establishment activities prepared by the sponsors;
(2) adopting the articles of association;
(3) electing members of the board of directors;
(4) electing members of the board of supervisors;
(5) checking the expenses incurred for the establishment of the company;
(6) checking the value of the assets contributed by the initiators in lieu of pecuniary payment for the shares;
(7) Where any force majeure or major change of the operation conditions directly affect the establishment of the company, the resolution not to establish the company may be adopted. A resolution adopted at the establishment meeting on any of the matters as mentioned in the previous paragraph requires affirmative votes by subscribers representing more than half of the votes of those attending the meeting.
Article 92 The initiators and subscribers shall not withdraw their share capital after making payments for the shares they have subscribed for or after making capital contributions by using non-monetary properties, unless the public offer shares have not been fully subscribed within the time limit, the initiators fail to convene the establishment meeting within the time limit or the establishment meeting has decided not to set up the company.
Article 93 The board of directors shall, within 30 days after the establishment meeting ends, file an application for registration with the company registration authority and submit the following documents to it:
(1) a company registration application;
(2) the records of the establishment meeting;
(3) the articles of association;
(4) a capital verification certification;
(5) the appointment documents and identity certificates of the legal representative, directors and supervisors;
(6) the certifications for the juridical person or natural person status of the initiators; and
(7) the certification on the domicile of the company. As for a joint stock limited company established by stock floatation that makes public stock offers, in additions to the aforementioned documents, it shall submit to the company registration authority the approval document issued by the securities regulatory institution of the State Council.
Article 94 After the establishment of a joint stock limited company, if any of the initiators fails to make full payment for the capital contributions as provided for in the articles of association, it shall make up the arrears, and the other initiators shall bear joint liabilities. After the establishment of a joint stock limited company, if it is found that the actual value of the non-monetary properties used as capital contributions for the establishment of the company is obviously lower than that as prescribed in the articles of association, the initiator who has made the capital contribution shall make up the balance, and the other initiators shall bear joint liabilities.
Article 95 The initiators of a joint stock limited company shall bear the following responsibilities:
(1) In the case of failure to establish the company, bearing joint liabilities for the debts and expenses resulted from the pre-establishment activities;
(2) In the cas e of failure to establish the company, bearing joint liabilities for refunding the paid-in capital as well as the interests thereof computed at the bank interest rate for the same period; and
(3) If the company’s interest is injured in the course of its establishment due to the negligence of the initiators, being liable for making compensations to the company.
Article 96 Where a limited liability company is changed into a joint stock limited company, the total amount of the paid-in capital shall be not less than the total amount of the net assets. Where a limited liability company is changed into a joint stock limited company, the public offer stocks issued for the purpose of increasing the capital shall comply with the law.
Article 97 A joint stock limited company shall prepare and keep in the company the articles of association, register of the shareholders, counterfoil of corporate bonds, records of the shareholders’ meetings, records of the meetings of the board of directors, records of the meetings of the board of supervisors, and financial reports.
Article 98 The shareholders shall be entitled to refer to the articles of association, register of the shareholders, counterfoil of corporate bonds, records of the shareholders’ meeting meetings, records of the meetings of the board of directors, records of the meetings of the board of supervisors and financial reports, and may bring forward proposals or raise questions about the business operation of the company. Section 2 Shareholders’ Meeting
Article 99 The shareholders’ meeting of a joint stock limited company shall comprise all the shareholders. It is the company’s organ of power, which shall exercise its authorities according to law.
Article 100 The provisions regarding the authorities of the shareholders’ meeting of a limited liability company as prescribed in the first paragraph of Article 38 of this law shall apply to the shareholders’ meeting of a joint stock limited company.
Article 101 An annual session of the shareholders’ meeting shall be held each year. Under any of the following circumstances, a temporary shareholders’ meeting shall be held within 2 months:
(1) The number of directors is less than two-thirds of the number of directors as required by this law or the number of directors as prescribed in the articles of association;
(2) The un-recovered losses of the company reach one-third of the total pain-in capital;
(3) At the request of the shareholders separately or aggregately holding 10% or more of the company’s shares;
(4) The board of directors deems it necessary;
(5) At the request of the board of supervisors; and
(6) Other circumstances as prescribed in the articles of association.
Article 102 A session of the shareholders’ meeting shall be convened by the board of directors and be presided over by the chairman of the board of directors. If the chairman is unable or fails to perform his duties, the meetings thereof shall be presided over by the deputy chairman of the board of directors. If the deputy chairman of the board of directors is unable or fails to perform his duties, the meetings shall be presided over by a director jointly recommended by half or more of the directors.
If the board of directors or the acting director is unable or fails to fulfill the obligation of convening the meetings of the shareholders’ meeting, the board of supervisors shall convene and preside over such meetings. If the board of supervisors does not convene or preside over such meetings, the shareholders separately or aggregately holding 1/10 or more of the shares may convene and preside over such meetings on their own initiative.
Article 103 As for a shareholders’ meeting to be held, a notice shall be given to every shareholder 20 days in advance, which shall state the time and place of the meeting as well as the matters to be deliberated at the meeting. As for a temporary meeting of the shareholders’ meeting, a notice shall be given to every shareholder 15 days in advance. As for the issue of unregistered stocks, the time and place of the meeting as well as the matters to be deliberated at the meeting shall be announced 30 days in advance.
The shareholders separately or aggregately holding 3% or more of the shares of the company may put forward a written temporary proposal to the board of directors 10 days before a shareholders’ meeting is held. The board of directors may notify other shareholders within 2 days and submit the temporary proposal to the meeting of the shareholders’ meeting for deliberation. The contents of a temporary proposal shall fall within the scope to be decided by the shareholders’ meeting, and the temporary proposal shall have a clear topic for discussion and matters to be decided. The shareholders’ meeting shall not make any decision on any matter not listed in the notice as mentioned in the preceding two paragraphs. If the holders of unregistered stocks attend the shareholders’ meeting, they shall have their stocks preserved in the company during the period from 5 days before the meeting is held to the day when the shareholders’ meeting is closed.
Article 104 When a shareholder attends the shareholders’ meeting, he shall have one voting right for each share he holds. However, the company has no voting right for its own shares it holds. When any resolution is to be made by the shareholders’ meeting, it shall be adopted by shareholders representing more than half of the voting rights of the shareholders in presence. However, when the shareholders’ meeting makes a decision to modify the articles of association or to increase or reduce the registered capital, or a resolution about the merger, split-up, dissolution or change of the company form, the resolution shall be adopted by shareholders representing 2/3 or more of the voting rights of the shareholders in presence.
Article 105 For the important matters such as company transfer, being assignee of any important asset or providing guarantee for any other person, which shall be decided through the shareholders’ meeting under this Law and the articles of association, the board of directors shall timely call a shareholders’ meeting for voting.
Article 106 When the shareholders’ meeting elects directors or supervisors, it may, according to the articles of association or resolution of the shareholders’ meeting, adopt a cumulative voting system. The term "cumulative voting system" as mentioned in this Law refers to a system of voting by shareholders for the election of directors or supervisors at a session of the shareholders’ meeting in which the shareholder can multiply his voting rights by the number of candidates and vote them all for one candidate for director or supervisor.
Article 107 A shareholder may entrust an agent to attend a shareholders’ meeting. The agent shall present a power of attorney issued by the shareholder to the company, and shall exercise his voting rights within the authorization scope.
Article 108 The shareholders’ meeting shall prepare records regarding the decisions on the matters discussed by it. The chairman of the meeting and the directors in presence shall affix their signatures to the records, which shall be preserved together with the book of signatures of the shareholders in presence as well as the power of attorney thereof.
Section 3 The Board of Directors and Manager
Article 109 A joint stock limited company shall set up a board of directors, which shall comprise 5-19 persons.
The board of directors may include representatives of the company’s employees. The representatives of the employees who serve as board directors shall be democratically elected through the meeting of the representatives of the employees, meeting of employees or otherwise.
The provisions in Article 46 of this Law on the term of office of the directors of a limited liability company shall apply to that of the director of a joint stock limited company. The provisions in Article 47 of this Law on the functions of the board of directors of a limited liability company shall apply to that of the board of directors of a joint stock limited company.
Article 110 The board of directors shall have one chairman, and may have a deputy chairman. The chairman and deputy chairmen shall be elected by more than half of all the directors. The chairman of the board of directors shall convene and preside over the meetings of the board of directors and examine the implementation of the resolutions of the board of directors. The deputy chairman shall assist the chairman to work. If the chairman is unable or fails to perform his duties, the deputy chairman shall perform such duties. If the deputy chairman of the board of directors is unable or fails to perform his duties, the director who is jointly recommended by half or more of the directors shall perform such duties.
Article 111 The board of directors shall convene at least two meetings every year, and shall notice all directors and supervisors 10 days before it holds a meeting. The shareholders representing 1/10 or more of the voting rights, or 1/3 of the directors, or the board of supervisors may bring forward a proposal on holding a temporary meeting of the board of directors. The chairman of the board of directors shall, within 10 days after he receives such a proposal, convene and preside over a meeting of the board of directors. If the board of directors holds a temporary meeting, it may separately decide the method and time limit for the notification on convening meetings of the board of directors.
Article 112 No meeting of the board of directors may be held, unless more than half of the directors are present. When the board of directors makes a resolution, it shall be adopted by more than half of all the dir ectors.
As for the voting on a resolution of the board of directors, a director shall have one vote only.
Article 113 The directors shall attend in person the meetings of the board of directors. Where any director is unable to attend the meeting for a certain reason, he may, by issuing a written power of attorney, entrust another director to attend the meeting on his behalf, and the scope of authorization shall be stated in the power of attorney.
The board of directors shall prepare records regarding the resolutions on the matters discussed at the meeting, which shall be signed by the directors in presence. The directors shall be responsible for the resolutions of the board of directors. In case a resolution of the board of directors is in violation of laws, administrative regulations, articles of association or resolutions of the shareholders’ meetings and causes any serious loss to the company, the directors who participate in adopting the resolution shall make compensation. However, if a director is proven to have expressed his objection to the voting on such resolution and his objection was recorded in the records, then the director may be exempted from liabilities.
Article 114 A joint stock limited company may have a manager, who shall be hired or dismissed by the board of directors.
The provisions of Article 50 of this Law on the authorities of the manager of a limited liability company shall apply to that of the manager of a joint stock limited company.
Article 115 The board of directors of a company may decide to appoint a member of the board of directors to concurrently take the post of the manager.
Article 116 No company may, directly or via its subsidiary, lend money to any of its directors, supervisors or senior managers.
Article 117 A company shall regularly disclose to its shareholders the information about remunerations obtained by the directors, supervisors and senior managers from the company. Section 4 the Board of Supervisors
Article 118 A joint stock limited company shall set up a board of supervisors, which shall comprise at least 3 persons.
The board of supervisors shall include representatives of shareholders and an appropriate percentage of representatives of the company’s employees. The percentage of the representatives of employees shall account for not less than 1/3 of all the supervisors, but the concrete percentage shall be specified in the articles of association. The representatives of employees who serve as members of the board of supervisors shall be democratically elected through the meeting of representatives of the company’s employees, shareholders’ meeting or by other means. The board of supervisors shall have one chairman, and may have a deputy chairman. The chairman and deputy chairman shall elected by more than half of all the supervisors. The chairman of the board of supervisors shall convene and preside over the meetings of the board of supervisors. If the chairman of the board of supervisors is unable or fails to perform his duties, the deputy chairman of the board of supervisors shall convene and preside over the meeting of the board of supervisors. If the deputy chairman of the board of supervisors is unable or fails to perform the duties, the supervisor jointly recommended by half or more of the supervisors shall convene and preside over the meetings of the board of supervisors. No director or senior manager may concurrently act as a supervisor.
The provisions of Article 53 of this Law on the term of office of the supervisors of a limited liability company shall apply to that of the supervisors of a joint stock limited company.
Article 119 The provisions of Articles 54 and 55 of this Law on the functions of a limited liability company shall apply to that of the board of supervisors of a joint stock limited company. The expenses necessary for the board of supervisors to exercise its authorities shall be borne by the company.
Article 120 The board of supervisors shall hold at least one meeting every 6 months. The supervisors may propose to convene temporary meetings of the board of supervisors. The discussion methods and voting procedures of the board of supervisors shall be prescribed in the articles of association, unless it is otherwise provided for by this Law.
The board of supervisors shall prepare records for the decisions on the matters discussed at the meeting, which shall be signed by the supervisors in presence.
Section 5 Special Provisions on the Organizational Structure of a Listed Company
Article 121 The term "listed company" as mentioned in this Law refers to the joint stock limited companies whose stocks are listed and traded in a stock exchange.
Article 122 Where a listed company purchases or sells any important assets, or provides a guarantee of which the amount exceeds 30% of its total assets, a resolution shall be made by the sha reholders’ meeting and adopted by shareholders representing 2/3 of the voting rights of the shareholders in presence.
Article 123 A listed company shall have independent directors. And the concrete measures shall be formulated by the State Council.
Article 124 A listed company may have a secretary of the board of directors, who shall be responsible for the preparation of the sessions of shareholders’ meeting and meetings of the board of directors, preservation of documents, management of the company’s stock rights, information disclosure, and etc.
Article 125 Where any of the directors has any relationship with the enterprise involved in the matter to be discussed at the meeting of the board of directors, he shall not vote on this resolution, nor may he vote on behalf of any other person. The meeting of the board of directors shall not be held unless more than half of the unrelated directors are present at the meeting. A resolution of the board of directors shall be adopted by more than half of the unrelated directors. If the number of unrelated directors in presence is less than 3 persons, the matter shall be submitted to the shareholders’ meeting of the listed company for deliberation.
Chapter V Issuance and Transfer of Shares of a Joint Stock Limited Company Section 1 Issuance of Shares
Article 126 The capital of a joint stock limited company shall be divided into shares, and all the shares shall be of equal value.
The shares of the company are represented with stocks. A stock is a certificate issued by the company to certify the share held by a shareholder.
Article 127 The issuance of shares shall comply with the principle of fairness and impartiality, and the shares of the same class shall have the same rights and benefits. The stocks issued at the same time shall be equal in price and shall be subject to the same conditions. The price of each share purchased by any organization or individual shall be the same.
Article 128 The stocks may be issued at a price equal to or above the par value, but not below the par value.
Article 129 The stocks shall be in paper form or in other forms prescribed by the securities
regulatory institution of the State Council. A stock shall state the following major items:
(1) the company name;
(2) the date of establishment of the company;
(3) the class and par value of the stock, as well as the number of shares it represents; and
(4) the serial number of the stock.
The stock shall bear the signature of the legal representative and the seal of the company.
The stocks held by the initiators shall be marked with the words "initiators’ stocks".
Article 130 The stocks issued by a company may be registered stocks or unregistered stocks. The stocks issued to initiators or juridical persons shall be registered stocks, which shall state the names of such initiators or juridical persons, and shall not be registered in any other person’s name or the name of any representative.
Article 131 A company that issues registered stocks shall prepare a register of shareholders, which shall state the following:
(1) the name and domicile of every shareholder;
(2) the number of shares held by each shareholder;
(3) the serial numbers of the stocks held by every shareholder; and
(4) the date on which every shareholder acquired his shares. A company issuing unregistered stocks shall record the amount, serial numbers and issuance date of the stocks.
Article 133 After a joint stock limited company is established, it shall formally deliver the stocks to the shareholders. No company may deliver any stock to the shareholders prior to its establishment.
Article 134 Where a company intends to issue new stocks, it shall, under its articles of association, make a resolution on the following matters through the shareholders’ meeting or the board of directors:
(1) the class and amount of new stocks;
(2) the issuing price of the new stocks;
(3) the beginning and ending dates for the issuance of the new stocks; and
(4) the class and amount of the new stocks to be issued to the original shareholders.
Article 135 When a company publicly issues new stocks upon approval of the securities regulatory institution of the State Council, it shall publish a new stock prospectus and its financial reports, and shall make a stock subscription form. The provisions of Articles 88 and 89 of this Law shall apply to the public offering of new stocks of a company.
Article 136 When a company issues new stocks, it may make a pricing plan in light of its business operation and financial status.
Article 137 After a company raises enough capital, it shall go through the modification registration in the company registration authority, and make an public announcement.
Section 2
Transfer of Shares
Article 138 The shares held by the stockholders may be transferred according to law.
Article 139 Where a stockholder intends to transfer its shares, it shall transfer its shares in a lawfully established stock exchange or by any other means as prescribed by the State Council.
Article 140 The transfer of a registered stock shall be effected by the stockholder’s endorsement or by any other means stipulated by relevant laws or administrative regulations. After the transfer, the company shall record the name and domicile of the transferee in the register of shareholders. Within 20 days before a meeting of shareholders is held, or within 5 days prior to the benchmark date decided by the company for the distribution of dividends, no modification registration may be made to the register of shareholders as mentioned in the preceding paragraph. However, if any law otherwise provides for the modification registration of the register of shareholders of listed companies, the latter shall prevail.
Article 141 The transfer of an unregistered stock becomes valid as soon as the stockholder delivers the stock to the transferee.
Article 142 The shares of a company held by the initiators of this company shall not be transferred within 1 year as of the day of establishment of the company. The shares issued before the company publicly issues shares shall not be transferred within 1 year as of the day when the stocks of the company get listed and are traded in a stock exchange. The directors, supervisors and senior managers of the company shall declare to the company the shares held by them and the changes thereof. During the term of office, the shares transferred by any of them each year shall not exceed 25% of the total shares of the company he holds. The shares of the company held by the aforesaid persons shall not be transferred within 1 year as of the day when the stocks of the company get listed and are traded in a stock exchange. After any of the aforesaid persons is removed from his post, he shall not transfer the shares of the company he holds. The articles of association may have other restrictions on the transfer of shares held by the directors, supervisors and senior managers.
Article 143 A company shall not purchase its own shares, except for any of the following circumstances:
(1) to decrease the registered capital of the company;
(2) to merge with another company holding shares of this company;
(3) to award the employees of this company with shares; or
(4) It is requested by any shareholder to purchase his shares because this shareholder raises objections to the company’s resolution on merger or split-up made at a session of the meeting of shareholders. Where a company needs to purchase its own shares for any of the reasons as mentioned in Items (1) through (3) of the preceding paragraph, it shall be subject to a resolution of the shareholders’ meeting. After the company purchases its own shares according to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, it shall, under the circumstance as mentioned in Item (1) , write them off within 10 days after the purchase; while under the circumstance as mentioned either in Item (2) or (4) , shall transfer them or write them off within 6 months.
The shares purchased by the company according to Item (3) of the preceding paragraph shall not exceed 5% of the total shares already issued by this company. The funds used for the share acquisition shall be paid from the aftertax profits of the company. The shares purchased by the company shall be transferred to the employees within 1 year. No company may accept any subject matter taking the stocks of this company as a pledge.
Article 144 In case any registered stocks are stolen, lost or destroyed, the shareholder may request the people’s court to declare these stocks invalid in light of the public notice procedure prescribed in the Civil Procedural Law of the People’s Republic of China. After the people’s court has invalidated these stocks, the shareholder may file an application to the company for issuance of new stocks.
Article 145 The stocks of a listed company shall get listed and traded according to relevant laws, administrative regulations, as well as the dealing rules of the stock exchange.
Article 146 A listed company shall, in light of laws and administrative regulations, publicize its financial status, business operation and important lawsuits, and shall publish its financial reports once every six months in each fiscal year.
Chapter VI Qualifications and Obligations of the Directors, Supervisors and Senior Managers of a Company
Article 147 Anyone who is under any of the following circumstances shall not take the post of a director, supervisor or senior manager of a company:
(1) Being without or with limited capacity of civil conduct;
(2) He has bee n sentenced to any criminal penalty due to an offence of corruption, bribery, encroachment of property, misappropriation of property or disrupting the economic order of the socialist market economy and 5 years have not passed since the completion date of the execution of the penalty; or he has ever been deprived of his political rights due to any crime and 3 years have not passed since the completion date of the execution of the penalty;
(3) Where he was a former director, factory director or manager of a company or enterprise which was bankrupt and liquidated, and was personally liable for the bankruptcy of such company or enterprise, three years have not passed since the date of completion of the bankruptcy and liquidation of the company or enterprise;
(4) Where he was the legal representative of a company or enterprise, and the business license of this company or enterprise was revoked and this company or enterprise was ordered to close due to violation of the law, and he is personally liable for the revocation, three years have not passed since the date of the revocation of the business license thereof;
(5) He has a relatively large amount of debt which is due but uncleared.
In case a company elects or appoints any director or supervisor, or hires any senior manager by violating the provisions in the preceding paragraph, the election, appointment or hiring shall be invalidated. In case any director, supervisor or senior manager, during his term of office, is under any of the circumstances as mentioned in the preceding paragraph, the company shall dismiss him from his post.
Article 148 The directors, supervisors and senior managers shall comply with laws, administrative regulations and the articles of association. They shall bear the obligations of fidelity and diligence to the company. No director, supervisor or senior manager may take any bribe or other illegal gains by taking the advantage of his authorities, or encroach on the properties of the company.
Article 149 No director or senior manager may have any of the following acts:
(1) Misappropriating funds of the company;
(2) Depositing the company’s funds into an account in his own name or in any other individual’s name;
(3) Without the consent of the shareholders’ meeting, shareholders’ assembly or board of directors, loaning the company’s fund to others or providing any guaranty to any other person by using the company’s property as in violation of the articles of association;
(4) Signing a contract or trading with this company by violating the articles of association or without the consent of the shareholders’ meeting or shareholders’ assembly;
(5) Without the consent of the shareholders’ meeting or shareholders’ assembly, seeking business opportunities for himself or any other person by taking advantages of his authorities, or operating for himself or for any other person any like business of the company he works for;
(6) Taking commissions on the transactions between others and this company into his own pocket;
(7) Disclosing the company’s secrets without permit;
(8) Other acts that are inconsistent with the obligation of fidelity to the company. The income of any director or senior manager from any act in violation of the preceding paragraph shall belong to the company.
Article 150 Where any director, supervisor or senior manager violates laws, administrative regulations or the articles of association during the course of performing his duties, if any loss is caused to the company, he shall make compensation.
Article 151 If the shareholder’s meeting or shareholders’ meeting demands a director, supervisor or senior manager to attend the meeting as a non-voting delegate, he shall do so and shall answer the shareholders’ inquiries.
The directors and senior managers shall faithfully offer relevant information and materials to the board of supervisors or the supervisor of the limited liability company with no board of supervisors, and none of them may obstruct the board of supervisors or supervisor from exercising its (his) authorities.
Article 152 Where a director or senior manager is under the circumstance as stated in Article 150 of this Law, the shareholder(s) of the limited liability company or joint stock limited company separately or aggregately holding 1% or more of the total shares of the company may require the board of supervisors or the supervisor of the limited liability company with no board of supervisors in writing to file a lawsuit in the people’s court. If the supervisor is under the circumstance as stated in Article 150 of this Law, the aforesaid shareholder(s) may require the board of directors or the acting director of the limited liability company with no board of directors to in writing lodge a lawsuit in the people’s court.
If the board of supervisors, or supervisor of a limited liability company with no board of supervisors, or the board of directors or the acting director refuses to lodge a lawsuit after it (he) receives a written request as mentioned in the preceding paragraph, or if it or he fails to file a lawsuit within 30 days after it receives the request, or if, in an emergency, the failure to lodge a lawsuit immediately will cause unrecoverable damages to the interests of the company, the shareholder(s) as listed in the preceding paragraph may, on their own behalf, directly lodge a lawsuit in the people’s court.
In case the legitimate rights and interests of a company are impaired and losses are caused to the company, the shareholders as mentioned in the preceding paragraph may initiate a lawsuit in the people’s court in light of the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs.
Article 153 If any director or senior manager damages the shareholders’ interests by violating any law, administrative regulation or the articles of association, the shareholders may lodge a lawsuit in the people’s court.
Chapter VII Corporate Bonds
Article 154 The term "corporate bonds" as mentioned in this Law refers to the securities that are issued by a company according to the statutory procedures with guaranteed payment of the principal plus interest by a specified future date. To issue corporate bonds, a company shall meet the issuance requirements of the Securities Law of the People’s Republic of China.
Article 155 After an application for issuing corporate bonds is approved by the department authorized by the State Council, the company shall publish its bond issuance plan, which shall mainly state the following items:
(1) the name of the company;
(2) the purposes of use of the corporate bonds;
(3) the total amount of corporate bonds and par value thereof;
(4) the method for determining the interest rate of the bonds;
(5) the time limit and method for paying the principal plus interest;
(6) guarantee of the bonds;
(7) the issuing price of the bonds, and beginning and ending dates of the issuance;
(8) the net assets of the company;
(9) the total amount of corporate bonds having been issued but not yet due; and
(10) the underwriters of the corporate bonds.
Article 156 The physical bonds issued by a company shall state the name of company, par value, interest rate, time limit for repayment, and etc., and shall bear the signature of the legal representative and the seal of the company.
Article 157 The corporate bonds may be registered or unregistered bonds.
Article 158 A company shall prepare and keep the counterfoils of corporate bonds. If the company issues registered corporate bonds, the counterfoils thereof shall state the following items:
(1) the names and domiciles of the bondholders;
(2) the dates on which the bondholders acquires the bonds and the serial numbers of the bonds;
(3) the total amount of the bonds, par value, interest rate, time limit and method for repayment of principal plus interest; and
(4) the date on which the bonds are issued.
If the company issues unregistered corporate bonds, the counterfoils thereof shall state the total amount of the bonds, interest rate, time limit and method for repayment, issuance date and serial numbers of the bonds.
Article 159 The registration and settlement institutions of registered corporate bonds shall establish bylaws on the registration, preservation, interest payment and acceptance of bonds.
Article 160 The corporate bonds may be transferred. The transfer price shall be negotiated by the transferor and transferee.
The transfer of any corporate bonds, which gets listed and is traded in a stock exchange, shall comply with the dealing rules of the stock exchange.
Article 161 The transfer of registered corporate bonds shall be effected by the bondholder’s endorsement or by other methods prescribed by the relevant laws and administrative regulations. In the case of transfer of registered bonds, the company shall record the name and domicile of the transferee in the counterfoil of corporate bonds. The transfer of unregistered corporate bonds takes effect as soon as the bondholder delivers the bonds to the transferee.
Article 162 A listed company may, upon the resolution of the shareholders’ meeting, issue corporate bonds that may be converted into stocks and shall work out concrete conversion measures in the corporate bond issuance plan. To issue corporate bonds that may be converted into stocks, the listed company shall file an application with the securities regulatory institution for examination and approval. The corporate bonds that may be converted into stocks shall be marked with the words "convertible corporate bonds", and the number of convertible company bonds shall be specified in the company’s records of bondholders.
Article 163 Where any convertible company bonds is issued, the company shall exchange its stocks for the bonds held by the bondholders in the prescribed method of conversion, provided that the bondholders have the option on whether or not to convert their bonds.
Chapter VIII Financial Affairs and Accounting of a Company
Article 164 A company shall establish its own financial and accounting bylaws according to laws, administrative regulations and provisions of the treasury department of the State Council.
Article 165 A company shall, after the end of each fiscal year, formulate a financial report, and shall have it checked by an accounting firm. The financial report shall be work out according to laws, administrative regulations and provisions of the treasury department of the State Council.
Article 166 A limited liability company shall submit the financial report to every shareholder within the time limit as prescribed in the articles of association. The financial report of a joint stock limited company shall be ready for the consultation of the shareholders at the company 20 days before the annual meeting of the shareholders is held. A joint stock limited company of public offer stocks shall make a public announcement of its financial report.
Article 167 Where a company distributes its aftertax profits of the current year, it shall draw 10 percent of the profits as the company’s statutory common reserve. The company may stop drawing if the accumulative balance of the common reserve has already accounted for over 50 percent of the company’s registered capital.
If the accumulative balance of the company’s statutory common reserve is not enough to make up for the losses of the company of the previous year, the current year’s profits shall first be used for making up the losses before the statutory common reserve is drawn therefrom according to the provisions of the preceding paragraph. After the company draws the statutory common reserve from the aftertax profits, it may, upon a resolution made by the shareholders’ meeting, draw a discretionary common reserve from the aftertax profits. After the losses have been made up and common reserves have been drawn, a limited liability company shall distribute the remaining profits according to Article 35 of this Law; a joint stock limited company shall distribute the remaining profits in light of the proportions of shares held by shareholders, unless it is not permitted in the articles of association to distribute profits according to the proportions of shares held by shareholders.
If the shareholders’ meeting, shareholders’ assembly or board of directors distributes the profits by violating the provisions of the preceding paragraph before the losses are made up and the statutory common reserves are drawn, the profits distributed must be refunded to the company. No profit may be distributed for the company’s shares held by this company.
Article 168 The premium of a joint stock limited company from the issuance of stocks at a price above the par value of the stocks, and other incomes listed in the capital accumulation fund according to provisions of the treasury department of the State Council shall be listed as the capital accumulation funds of the company.
Article 169 The capital accumulation funds of the company shall be used for making up losses, expanding the production and business scale or increasing the registered capital of the company. But the capital accumulation funds shall not be used for making up the company’s losses.
When the statutory common reserve is changed to capital, the remainder of the common reserve shall not be less than 25 % of the registered capital prior to the increase.
Article 170 Where a company plans to hire or dismiss any accounting firm to undertake the auditing of the company, a resolution shall be made by the shareholders’ meeting or shareholders’ assembly or the board of directors according to the provisions of the articles of association. Where the shareholders’ meeting or shareholders’ assembly or the board of directors adopts a voting on the dismissal of any accounting firm, it shall allow the accounting firm to state its own opinions.
Article 171 A company shall provide to the accounting firm it hires truthful and complete accounting vouchers, account books, financial and accounting statements and other accounting materials, and may not refuse to do so or conceal any of them or make any false statements.
Article 172 Except for the statutory account books, a company shall not set up other account books. ,
No company asset may be deposited into any individual’s account.
Chapter IX Merger and Split-up of Company, Increase and Deduction of Registered Capital
Article 173 The merger of a company may be effected by way of merger or consolidation. In the case of merger, a company absorbs any other company and the absorbed company is dissolved; in the case of consolidation, two or more companies combine together for the establishment of a new one, and the existing ones are dissolved.
Article 174 As for a corporate merger, both parties to the merger shall conclude an agreement with each other and formulate balance sheets and checklists of properties. The companies involved shall, within ten days as of making the decision of merger, notify the creditors, and shall make a public announcement on a newspaper within 30 days. The creditors may, within 30 days as of the receipt of the notice or within 45 days as of the issuance of the public announcement if it fails to receive a notice, require the company to clear off its debts or to provide corresponding guarantees.
Article 175 In the case of a merger, the credits and debts of the companies involved shall be succeeded by the company that survives the merger or by the newly established company.
Article 176 As for the split-up of a company, the properties thereof shall be divided accordingly, and balance sheets and checklists of properties shall be worked out. The company shall, within 10 days as of the day when the decision of split-up is made, notice the creditors and shall make a public announcement on a newspaper within 30 days.
Article 177 The post-split companies shall bear joint liabilities for the debts of the former company before it is split up, unless it is otherwise prescribed by the company and the creditors before the split-up with regard to the clearance of debts in written agreement.
Article 178 Where a company finds it necessary to reduce its registered capital, it must work out balance sheets and checklists of properties.
The company shall, within ten days as of the day when the decision of reducing registered capital, notify the creditors and make a public announcement on a newspaper within 30 days. The creditors shall, within 30 days as of the receipt of a notice or within 45 days as of the issuance of the public announcement if it fails to receive a notice, be entitled to require the company to clear off its debts or to provide corresponding guarantees. The registered capital of the company after reducing its registered capital shall not be any lower than the bottom line requirement as provided for by law.
Article 179 Where a limited liability company increases its registered capital, the capital contributions of the shareholders for the increased amount shall be subject to the relevant provisions of the present Law regarding the capital contributions for the establishment of a limited liability company. Where a joint stock limited company issues new stocks for increasing its registered capital, the subscription for new stocks by shareholders shall be subject to the relevant provisions of the present Law regarding the payment of stock money for the establishment of a joint stock limited company.
Article 180 Where any of the registered items is changed during the process of merger or split-up of a company, the company shall go through modification registration with the company registration authority. If it is dissolved, it shall be deregistered according to law. If any new company is established, it shall go through the procedures for company establishment according to law.
In the case of increasing or reducing its registered capital, a company shall go through the modification registration with the company registration authority according to law.
Chapter X Dissolution and Liquidation of a Company
Article 181 A company may be dissolved under any of the following circumstances:
(1) The term of business operation as stipulated by the articles of association expires or any of the matters for dissolution as stipulated in the articles of association of the company appears;
(2) The shareholders’ meeting or the shareholders’ assembly decides to dissolve it;
(3) It is necessary to be dissolved due to merger or split-up of the company;
(4) Its business license is canceled or it is ordered to close down or to be dissolved according to law; or
(5) The people’s court decides to dissolve it according to Article 183 of this Law.
Article 182 Where any of the circumstances as prescribed in Article 181 (1) of this Law occurs, a company may continue to exist by modifying its articles of association. To modifying its articles of association according to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the consent of the shareholders who hold two thirds or more of the voting rights shall be obtained if it is a limited liability company, and the consent of two thirds or more of the voting rights the shareholders who attend the meeting of the shareholders shall be obtained if it is a joint stock limited company. ation or management so that the interests of the shareholders will be subject to heavy loss if it continues to exist and it cannot be solved by any other means, the shareholders who hold ten percent or more of the voting rights of all the shareholders of the company may plead the people’s court to dissolve the company.
Article 184 Where any company is dissolved according to the provisions of Article 181 (1) , (2) , (4) or (5) of this Law, a liquidation group shall be formed, within fifteen days as of the occurrence of the causes of dissolution, to carry out a liquidation. The liquidation group of a limited liability company shall comprise the shareholders, while that of a joint stock limited company shall comprise the directors or any other people as determined by the shareholders’ meeting. Where no liquidation group is formed within the time limit, the creditors may plead the people’s court to designate relevant persons to form a liquidation group. The people’s court shall accept such request and form a liquidation group so as to carry out the liquidation in a timely manner.
Article 185 The liquidation group may exercise the following functions during the process of liquidation:
(1) liquidating the properties of the company, and producing balance sheets and asset checklists;
(2) informing creditors by notice or public announcement;
(3) disposing and liquidating the businesses of the company that have not been completed;
(4) clearing off the outstanding taxes and the taxes incurred in the process of liquidation;
(5) clearing off credits and debts;
(6) disposing the residual properties; and
(7) participating in the civil proceedings of the company.
Article 186 The liquidation group shall, within ten days as of its formation, notify the creditors, and shall make a public announcement within 60 days on newspapers. Creditors shall, within thirty days as of the receipt of a notice or within 45 days as of the issuance of the public announcement in the case of failing to receiving a notice, declare credits against the liquidation group.
To declare credits, a creditor shall explain the relevant matters and provide relevant evidential materials. The liquidation group shall check in the credits, and may not clear off any of the debts of any creditor during the period of credit declaration.
Article 187 The liquidation group shall, after liquidating the properties of the company and producing balance sheets and checklists of properties, make a plan of liquidation, and report it to the shareholders’ meeting or the shareholders’ assembly or the people’s court for confirmation.
The residual assets that result from paying off the liquidation expenses, wages of employees, social insurance premiums and legal compensation premiums, the outstanding taxes and the debts of the company with the assets of the company may, in the case of a limited liability company, be distributed according to the proportions of capital contributions of the shareholders, and in the case of a joint stock limited company, according to the proportions of stocks held by the shareholders. During the term of liquidation, the company continues to exist, but may not carry out any business operation that has nothing to do with liquidation. None of the properties of the company may be distributed to any shareholder before they are used for the clearing off as stated in the preceding paragraph.
Article 188 If the liquidation group finds that the properties of the company is not sufficient for clearing off the debts after liquidating the properties of the company and producing balance sheets and checklists of properties, it shall file an application to the people’s court for bankruptcy. Once the people’s court makes a judge declaring the bankruptcy of the company, the liquidation group shall hand over the liquidation matters to the people’s court.
Article 189 After liquidation of the company is completed, the liquidation group shall formulate a liquidation report, which shall be submitted to the shareholders’ meeting or the shareholders’ assembly or the people’s court for confirmation and shall be submitted to the company registration authority for writing off the registration of the company. It shall also make a public announcement on its termination.
Article 190 The members of the liquidation group shall devote themselves to their duties and fulfill their obligations of liquidation according to law.
None of the members of the liquidation group may take any bribe or any other illegal proceeds by taking advantage of his position, nor may he misappropriate any of the properties of the company. Where any of the members of the liquidation group causes any loss to the company or any creditor by intention or due to gross negligence, he shall make corresponding compensations.
Article 191 Where a company is declared bankrupt according to law, it shall carry out a bankruptcy liquidation in accordance with the provisions concerning bankruptcy liquidation.
Chapter XI Branches of Foreign Companies
Article 192 The term "foreign company" as mentioned in this Law refers to a company established outside of the territory of China according to any foreign law.
Article 193 A foreign company, which plans to establish any branch within the territory of China, shall submit an application with the competent authority of China, and shall submit relevant documents such as the articles of incorporation, the company registration certificate as issued by the country of establishment and etc.. Upon the approval, it shall go through registration formalities with the company registration authority according to law and obtain a business license.
The measures for the examination and approval of the branches of foreign companies shall be separately formulated by the State Council.
Article 194 Where a foreign company establishes any branch within the territory of China, it must appoint a representative or an agent within the territory of China to take charge of the branch, and shall allocate to the branch corresponding funds for the business activities it is engaged in.
Article 195 The branch of any foreign company shall indicate in its name the nationality and the form of liability of the foreign company concerned.
The branch of a foreign company shall keep the articles of corporation of the foreign company at its own place.
Article 196 The branch of a foreign company established within the territory of China does not have the status of a juridical person.
The foreign company shall bear civil liabilities for the business operation of its branches undertaken within the territory of China.
Article 197 The branches of foreign companies which are established upon approval shall accord with the laws of China when undertaking their business activities within the territory of China, and may not injure the social public interests of China, and the lawful rights and interests thereof shall be protected by Chinese law.
Article 198 Where a foreign company relinquishes any of its branches within the territory of China, it shall clear off the debts thereof according to law, and shall carry out a liquidation in accordance with the provisions of this Law on the procedures for the liquidation of companies. Before the debts are cleared off, it may not transfer any of the properties of the branch out of China.
Chapter XII Legal Liabilities
Article 199 Where anyone, in violation of the provisions of this Law, obtains the registration of a company by making a false report of his register capital, submitting false materials or by any other fraudulent means so as to conceal important facts, he shall be ordered by the company registration authority to make corrections. In the case of making a false report of his register capital, he shall be fined not less than 5% but not more than 15% of the fabricated registered capital; in the case of submitting false materials or by any other fraudulent means so as to conceal important facts, he shall be fined not less than 5,000 Yuan but not more than 50,000 Yuan; if the circumstances are serious, the company registration certificate shall be revoked or the business license shall be cancelled.
Article 200 Any of the initiators or shareholders of a company, who makes any false capital contribution, or fails to deliver or fails to deliver in good time the monetary or non-monetary properties used as capital contributions, shall be ordered by the company registration authority to make corrections, and shall be fined not less than 5% but not more than 15% of the sum of false capital contributions.
Article 201 Where any initiator or shareholder unlawfully take away its capital contribution after the company is established, he shall be ordered by the company registration authority to make corrections, and shall be fined not less than 5% but not more than 15% of the capital contribution he has unlawfully taken away.
Article 202 Any company which has established another account books apart from the legally prescribed account books and violates of the present Law shall be ordered by the treasury department of the people’s government at the county level or above to make corrections, and shall be fined not less than 50,000 Yuan but not more than 500, 000 Yuan.
Article 203 Where a company makes any false records or conceals any important fact in such materials as financial and accounting statements submitted to the relevant departments in charge, the relevant department in charge shall impose a fine of not more than 30, 000 Yuan but not more than 300, 000 Yuan upon the directly liable persons in charge and other directly liable persons.
Article 204 Where a company fails to draw legal accumulation funds according to the present Law, it shall be ordered by the treasury department of the people’s government at the county level or above to make up the amount it is due, and may be fined up to 200, 000 Yuan.
Article 205 Where any company fails to inform its creditors by notice or by public announcement during the process of merger, split, reducing its registered capital or liquidation, it shall be ordered by the company registration authority to make corrections, and may be fined not less than 10, 000 Yuan but not more than 100, 000 Yuan.
Where, during the process of liquidation, any company hides any of its properties or makes any false record in its balance sheet or property checklist, or distributes any of the company’s properties before clearing off its debts, it shall be ordered by the company registration authority to make corrections, and may be fined not less than 5% but not more than 10% of the value of the company properties it has hidden or distributed prior to the clearing of company debts, and the directly liable person-in-charge as well other directly liable persons may be fined not less than 10, 000 Yuan but not more than100, 000 Yuan.
Article 206 Where, during the process of liquidation, any company undertakes any business activity which has nothing to do with the liquidation, it shall be admonished by the company registration authority, and its illegal proceeds shall be confiscated.
Article 207 Where the liquidation group fails to submit a liquidation report to the company registration authority according to the provisions of the present Law, or where any important fact is concealed or there is any important omission in the liquidation report it submits, it shall be ordered by the company registration authority to make corrections.
Where any member of the liquidation group takes advantage of his power to seek unlawful benefits for himself or any of his relatives, procures any unlawful gains or misappropriates any of the properties of the company, he shall be ordered by the company registration authority to return the properties of the company with his illegal gains being confiscated, and shall be fined 1 up to 5 times of the illegal proceeds.
Article 208 Where any institution that undertakes the evaluation or verification of assets or the verification of certificates provides any false materials, its illegal proceeds shall be confiscated by the company registration authority, and be fined 1 up to 5 times of the illegal proceeds, and may be ordered by the competent administrative department to suspend its business operation or to withdraw the qualification certificates of the directly liable persons, and cancel its business license.
Where any institution that undertakes the evaluation or verification of assets or the verification of certificates makes any important omission in the report it submits, it shall be ordered by the company registration authority to make corrections; if the circumstances are serious, it shall be fined 1 up to 5 times of the proceeds it has obtained, and may be ordered by the competent administrative department to suspend its business operation and to withdraw the qualification certificates of the directly liable persons, and cancel its business license. Where the evaluation result or proof of asset verification or certificate verification, as provided by any institution that undertakes the evaluation or verification of assets or the verification of certificates, is proved to be untrue, which has caused any loss to the creditors of the company, it shall bear the compensation liabilities within the sum which is found to be untrue, unless it can prove that it has no fault in the incurrence of the loss.
Article 209 Where any company registration authority registers any application that does not meet the conditions as provided for in the present Law, or fails to register any application that meets the conditions as prescribed in the present Law, the directly liable person-in-charge and other directly liable persons shall be imposed upon an administrative sanction.
Article 210 Where the superior organ of any company registration authority forces the latter to register any application that does not satisfy the conditions as prescribed in the present Law or to refuse any application that meets the conditions as provided for in the present Law, or covers up for any illegal registration, the directly liable person-in-charge and other directly liable persons shall be imposed upon an administrative sanction according to law.
Article 211 Where anyone fails to register as a limited liability company or joint stock limited company according to law but undertakes business operation in the name of a limited liability company or joint stock limited company, or fails to register as a subsidiary of a limited liability company or joint stock limited company according to law but undertakes business operation in the name of a subsidiary of the limited liability company or joint stock limited company, it shall be ordered by the company registration authority to make corrections or be clamped down on, and may be fined not more than 100,000 Yuan.
Article 212 Where any company fails to start its business operation six months after the establishment of it without justifiable reasons, or suspends its business operation on its own initiative for consecutively six months after it has started the business operation, its business license may be revoked by the company registration authority.
Where any registered item of any company changes, and the company fails to go through the corresponding modification formalities according to the present Law, it shall be ordered by the company registration authority to make modification registration within a time limit; if it still fails to make the registration, it shall be fined not less than 10, 000 Yuan but not more than 100, 000 Yuan.
Article 213 Where any foreign company violates this Law by unlawfully establishing any branch within China, it shall be ordered by the company registration authority to make corrections or to close it down, and may be fined not less than 50,000 Yuan but not more than 200, 000 Yuan.
Article 214 Where anyone commits, in the name of a company, any serious violation of law so that the security of the state or the public interests of the society is injured, the business license of the company shall be revoked.
Article 215 Where a company violates any provision of this Law, it shall bear the corresponding civil liabilities of compensation, and shall pay the corresponding fines and pecuniary penalties; if the property thereof is not enough to pay for the compensation, it shall bear the civil liabilities first.
Article 216 Where any company violates the present Law and any crime is constituted, it shall be subject to criminal liabilities.
Chapter XIII Supplementary Provisions
Article 217 Definitions of the following terms:
(1) The "senior manager" refers to the manager, vice manager, person in charge of finance of a company, and the secretary of the board of directors of a listed company as well as any other person as stimulated in the articles of association.
(2) The "controlling shareholder" refers to a shareholder whose capital contribution occupies 5% or more of the total capital of a limited liability company, or a shareholder whose stocks occupy more than 50% of the total equity stocks of a joint stock limited company, or a shareholder whose capital contribution or proportion of stocks is less than 50% but who enjoys a voting right according to its capital contribution or the stocks it holds is large enough to impose an big impact upon the resolution of the shareholders’ meeting or the shareholders’ assembly.
(3) The "actual controller" refers to anyone who is not a shareholder but is able to hold actual control of the acts of the company by means of investment relations, agreements or any other arrangements.
(4) The "connection relationship" refers to the relationship between the controlling shareholder, actual controller, director, supervisor, or senior manager of a company and the enterprise directly or indirectly controlled thereby, and any other relationship that may lead to the transfer of any interests of the company. However, the enterprises controlled by the state do not incur a connection relationship simply because their shares are controlled by the state.
Article 218 The limited liability companies and joint stock limited companies invested by foreign investors shall be governed by the present Law. Where there are otherwise different provisions in any law regarding foreign investment, such provisions shall prevail.
Article 219 This Law shall go into effect on January 1, 2006.
Promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on 2005-10-27
中華人民共和國新公司法（中英文）
新《公司法》公布于2006年1月1日起開始施行
- 第一節設立
- 第二節組織機構
- 第三節一人有限責任公司的特別規定
- 第四節國有獨資公司的特別規定
- 第一節設立
- 第二節股東大會
- 第三節董事會、經理
- 第四節監事會
- 第五節上市公司組織機構的特別規定
第一章總則
第一條為了規范公司的組織和行為，保護公司、股東和債權人的合法權益，維護社會經濟秩序，促進社會主義市場經濟的發展，制定本法。
第二條本法所稱公司是指依照本法在中國境內設立的有限責任公司和股份有限公司。
第三條公司是企業法人，有獨立的法人財產，享有法人財產權。公司以其全部財產對公司的債務承擔責任。
有限責任公司的股東以其認繳的出資額為限對公司承擔責任；股份有限公司的股東以其認購的股份為限對公司承擔責任。
第四條公司股東依法享有資產收益、參與重大決策和選擇管理者等權利。
第五條公司從事經營活動，必須遵守法律、行政法規，遵守社會公德、商業道德，誠實守信，接受政府和社會公眾的監督，承擔社會責任。
公司的合法權益受法律保護，不受侵犯。
第六條設立公司，應當依法向公司登記機關申請設立登記。符合本法規定的設立條件的，由公司登記機關分別登記為有限責任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法規定的設立條件的，不得登記為有限責任公司或者股份有限公司。
法律、行政法規規定設立公司必須報經批準的，應當在公司登記前依法辦理批準手續。
公眾可以向公司登記機關申請查詢公司登記事項，公司登記機關應當提供查詢服務。
第七條依法設立的公司，由公司登記機關發給公司營業執照。公司營業執照簽發日期為公司成立日期。
公司營業執照應當載明公司的名稱、住所、注冊資本、實收資本、經營范圍、法定代表人姓名等事項。
公司營業執照記載的事項發生變更的，公司應當依法辦理變更登記，由公司登記機關換發營業執照。
第八條依照本法設立的有限責任公司，必須在公司名稱中標明有限責任公司或者有限公司字樣。
依照本法設立的股份有限公司，必須在公司名稱中標明股份有限公司或者股份公司字樣。
第九條有限責任公司變更為股份有限公司，應當符合本法規定的股份有限公司的條件。股份有限公司變更為有限責任公司，應當符合本法規定的有限責任公司的條件。
有限責任公司變更為股份有限公司的，或者股份有限公司變更為有限責任公司的，公司變更前的債權、債務由變更后的公司承繼。
第十條公司以其主要辦事機構所在地為住所。
第十一條設立公司必須依法制定公司章程。公司章程對公司、股東、董事、監事、高級管理人員具有約束力。
第十二條公司的經營范圍由公司章程規定，并依法登記。公司可以修改公司章程，改變經營范圍，但是應當辦理變更登記。
公司的經營范圍中屬于法律、行政法規規定須經批準的項目，應當依法經過批準。
第十三條公司法定代表人依照公司章程的規定，由董事長、執行董事或者經理擔任，并依法登記。公司法定代表人變更，應當辦理變更登記。
第十四條公司可以設立分公司。設立分公司，應當向公司登記機關申請登記，領取營業執照。分公司不具有法人資格，其民事責任由公司承擔。
公司可以設立子公司，子公司具有法人資格，依法獨立承擔民事責任。
第十五條公司可以向其他企業投資；但是，除法律另有規定外，不得成為對所投資企業的債務承擔連帶責任的出資人。
第十六條公司向其他企業投資或者為他人提供擔保，依照公司章程的規定，由董事會或者股東會、股東大會決議；公司章程對投資或者擔保的總額及單項投資或者擔保的數額有限額規定的，不得超過規定的限額。
公司為公司股東或者實際控制人提供擔保的，必須經股東會或者股東大會決議。
前款規定的股東或者受前款規定的實際控制人支配的股東，不得參加前款規定事項的表決。該項表決由出席會議的其他股東所持表決權的過半數通過。
第十七條公司必須保護職工的合法權益，依法與職工簽訂勞動合同，參加社會保險，加強勞動保護，實現安全生產。
公司應當采用多種形式，加強公司職工的職業教育和崗位培訓，提高職工素質。
第十八條公司職工依照《中華人民共和國工會法》組織工會，開展工會活動，維護職工合法權益。公司應當為本公司工會提供必要的活動條件。公司工會代表職工就職工的勞動報酬、工作時間、福利、保險和勞動安全衛生等事項依法與公司簽訂集體合同。
公司依照憲法和有關法律的規定，通過職工代表大會或者其他形式，實行民主管理。
公司研究決定改制以及經營方面的重大問題、制定重要的規章制度時，應當聽取公司工會的意見，并通過職工代表大會或者其他形式聽取職工的意見和建議。
第十九條在公司中，根據中國共產黨章程的規定，設立中國共產黨的組織，開展黨的活動。公司應當為黨組織的活動提供必要條件。
第二十條公司股東應當遵守法律、行政法規和公司章程，依法行使股東權利，不得濫用股東權利損害公司或者其他股東的利益；不得濫用公司法人獨立地位和股東有限責任損害公司債權人的利益。
公司股東濫用股東權利給公司或者其他股東造成損失的，應當依法承擔賠償責任。
公司股東濫用公司法人獨立地位和股東有限責任，逃避債務，嚴重損害公司債權人利益的，應當對公司債務承擔連帶責任。
第二十一條公司的控股股東、實際控制人、董事、監事、高級管理人員不得利用其關聯關系損害公司利益。
違反前款規定，給公司造成損失的，應當承擔賠償責任。
第二十二條公司股東會或者股東大會、董事會的決議內容違反法律、行政法規的無效。
股東會或者股東大會、董事會的會議召集程序、表決方式違反法律、行政法規或者公司章程，或者決議內容違反公司章程的，股東可以自決議作出之日起六十日內，請求人民法院撤銷。
股東依照前款規定提起訴訟的，人民法院可以應公司的請求，要求股東提供相應擔保。
公司根據股東會或者股東大會、董事會決議已辦理變更登記的，人民法院宣告該決議無效或者撤銷該決議后，公司應當向公司登記機關申請撤銷變更登記。
新公司法--第二章有限責任公司的設立和組織機構
第一節設立
第二十三條設立有限責任公司，應當具備下列條件：
（一）股東符合法定人數；
（二）股東出資達到法定資本最低限額；
（三）股東共同制定公司章程；
（四）有公司名稱，建立符合有限責任公司要求的組織機構；
（五）有公司住所。
第二十四條有限責任公司由五十個以下股東出資設立。
第二十五條有限責任公司章程應當載明下列事項：
（一）公司名稱和住所；
（二）公司經營范圍；
（三）公司注冊資本；
（四）股東的姓名或者名稱；
（五）股東的出資方式、出資額和出資時間；
（六）公司的機構及其產生辦法、職權、議事規則；
（七）公司法定代表人；
（八）股東會會議認為需要規定的其他事項。
股東應當在公司章程上簽名、蓋章。
第二十六條有限責任公司的注冊資本為在公司登記機關登記的全體股東認繳的出資額。公司全體股東的首次出資額不得低于注冊資本的百分之二十，也不得低于法定的注冊資本最低限額，其余部分由股東自公司成立之日起兩年內繳足；其中，投資公司可以在五年內繳足。
有限責任公司注冊資本的最低限額為人民幣三萬元。法律、行政法規對有限責任公司注冊資本的最低限額有較高規定的，從其規定。
第二十七條股東可以用貨幣出資，也可以用實物、知識產權、土地使用權等可以用貨幣估價并可以依法轉讓的非貨幣財產作價出資；但是，法律、行政法規規定不得作為出資的財產除外。
對作為出資的非貨幣財產應當評估作價，核實財產，不得高估或者低估作價。法律、行政法規對評估作價有規定的，從其規定。
全體股東的貨幣出資金額不得低于有限責任公司注冊資本的百分之三十。
第二十八條股東應當按期足額繳納公司章程中規定的各自所認繳的出資額。股東以貨幣出資的，應當將貨幣出資足額存入有限責任公司在銀行開設的賬戶；以非貨幣財產出資的，應當依法辦理其財產權的轉移手續。
股東不按照前款規定繳納出資的，除應當向公司足額繳納外，還應當向已按期足額繳納出資的股東承擔違約責任。
第二十九條股東繳納出資后，必須經依法設立的驗資機構驗資并出具證明。
第三十條股東的首次出資經依法設立的驗資機構驗資后，由全體股東指定的代表或者共同委托的代理人向公司登記機關報送公司登記申請書、公司章程、驗資證明等文件，申請設立登記。
第三十一條有限責任公司成立后，發現作為設立公司出資的非貨幣財產的實際價額顯著低于公司章程所定價額的，應當由交付該出資的股東補足其差額；公司設立時的其他股東承擔連帶責任。
第三十二條有限責任公司成立后，應當向股東簽發出資證明書。
出資證明書應當載明下列事項：
（一）公司名稱；
（二）公司成立日期；
（三）公司注冊資本；
（四）股東的姓名或者名稱、繳納的出資額和出資日期；
（五）出資證明書的編號和核發日期。
出資證明書由公司蓋章。
第三十三條 有限責任公司應當置備股東名冊，記載下列事項：
（一）股東的姓名或者名稱及住所；
（二）股東的出資額；
（三）出資證明書編號。
記載于股東名冊的股東，可以依股東名冊主張行使股東權利。
公司應當將股東的姓名或者名稱及其出資額向公司登記機關登記；登記事項發生變更的，應當辦理變更登記。未經登記或者變更登記的，不得對抗第三人。
第三十四條 股東有權查閱、復制公司章程、股東會會議記錄、董事會會議決議、監事會會議決議和財務會計報告。
股東可以要求查閱公司會計賬簿。股東要求查閱公司會計賬簿的，應當向公司提出書面請求，說明目的。公司有合理根據認為股東查閱會計賬簿有不正當目的，可能損害公司合法利益的，可以拒絕提供查閱，并應當自股東提出書面請求之日起十五日內書面答復股東并說明理由。公司拒絕提供查閱的，股東可以請求人民法院要求公司提供查閱。
第三十五條 股東按照實繳的出資比例分取紅利；公司新增資本時，股東有權優先按照實繳的出資比例認繳出資。但是，全體股東約定不按照出資比例分取紅利或者不按照出資比例優先認繳出資的除外。
第三十六條 公司成立后，股東不得抽逃出資。
第二節 組織機構
第三十七條 有限責任公司股東會由全體股東組成。股東會是公司的權力機構，依照本法行使職權。
第三十八條 股東會行使下列職權：
（一）決定公司的經營方針和投資計劃；
（二）選舉和更換非由職工代表擔任的董事、監事，決定有關董事、監事的報酬事項；
（三）審議批準董事會的報告；
（四）審議批準監事會或者監事的報告；
（五）審議批準公司的年度財務預算方案、決算方案；
（六）審議批準公司的利潤分配方案和彌補虧損方案；
（七）對公司增加或者減少注冊資本作出決議；
（八）對發行公司債券作出決議；
（九）對公司合并、分立、解散、清算或者變更公司形式作出決議；
（十）修改公司章程；
（十一）公司章程規定的其他職權。
對前款所列事項股東以書面形式一致表示同意的，可以不召開股東會會議，直接作出決定，并由全體股東在決定文件上簽名、蓋章。
第三十九條 首次股東會會議由出資最多的股東召集和主持，依照本法規定行使職權。
第四十條 股東會會議分為定期會議和臨時會議。
定期會議應當依照公司章程的規定按時召開。代表十分之一以上表決權的股東，三分之一以上的董事，監事會或者不設監事會的公司的監事提議召開臨時會議的，應當召開臨時會議。
第四十一條 有限責任公司設立董事會的，股東會會議由董事會召集，董事長主持；董事長不能履行職務或者不履行職務的，由副董事長主持；副董事長不能履行職務或者不履行職務的，由半數以上董事共同推舉一名董事主持。
有限責任公司不設董事會的，股東會會議由執行董事召集和主持。
董事會或者執行董事不能履行或者不履行召集股東會會議職責的，由監事會或者不設監事會的公司的監事召集和主持；監事會或者監事不召集和主持的，代表十分之一以上表決權的股東可以自行召集和主持。
第四十二條 召開股東會會議，應當于會議召開十五日前通知全體股東；但是，公司章程另有規定或者全體股東另有約定的除外。
股東會應當對所議事項的決定作成會議記錄，出席會議的股東應當在會議記錄上簽名。
第四十三條 股東會會議由股東按照出資比例行使表決權；但是，公司章程另有規定的除外。
第四十四條 股東會的議事方式和表決程序，除本法有規定的外，由公司章程規定。
股東會會議作出修改公司章程、增加或者減少注冊資本的決議，以及公司合并、分立、解散或者變更公司形式的決議，必須經代表三分之二以上表決權的股東通過。
第四十五條 有限責任公司設董事會，其成員為三人至十三人；但是，本法第五十一條另有規定的除外。
兩個以上的國有企業或者兩個以上的其他國有投資主體投資設立的有限責任公司，其董事會成員中應當有公司職工代表；其他有限責任公司董事會成員中可以有公司職工代表。董事會中的職工代表由公司職工通過職工代表大會、職工大會或者其他形式民主選舉產生。
董事會設董事長一人，可以設副董事長。董事長、副董事長的產生辦法由公司章程規定。
第四十六條 董事任期由公司章程規定，但每屆任期不得超過三年。董事任期屆滿，連選可以連任。
董事任期屆滿未及時改選，或者董事在任期內辭職導致董事會成員低于法定人數的，在改選出的董事就任前，原董事仍應當依照法律、行政法規和公司章程的規定，履行董事職務。
第四十七條 董事會對股東會負責，行使下列職權：
（一）召集股東會會議，并向股東會報告工作；
（二）執行股東會的決議；
（三）決定公司的經營計劃和投資方案；
（四）制訂公司的年度財務預算方案、決算方案；
（五）制訂公司的利潤分配方案和彌補虧損方案；
（六）制訂公司增加或者減少注冊資本以及發行公司債券的方案；
（七）制訂公司合并、分立、解散或者變更公司形式的方案；
（八）決定公司內部管理機構的設置；
（九）決定聘任或者解聘公司經理及其報酬事項，并根據經理的提名決定聘任或者解聘公司副經理、財務負責人及其報酬事項；
（十）制定公司的基本管理制度；
（十一）公司章程規定的其他職權。
第四十八條 董事會會議由董事長召集和主持；董事長不能履行職務或者不履行職務的，由副董事長召集和主持；副董事長不能履行職務或者不履行職務的，由半數以上董事共同推舉一名董事召集和主持。
第四十九條 董事會的議事方式和表決程序，除本法有規定的外，由公司章程規定。
董事會應當對所議事項的決定作成會議記錄，出席會議的董事應當在會議記錄上簽名。
董事會決議的表決，實行一人一票。
第五十條 有限責任公司可以設經理，由董事會決定聘任或者解聘。經理對董事會負責，行使下列職權：
（一）主持公司的生產經營管理工作，組織實施董事會決議；
（二）組織實施公司年度經營計劃和投資方案；
（三）擬訂公司內部管理機構設置方案；
（四）擬訂公司的基本管理制度；
（五）制定公司的具體規章；
（六）提請聘任或者解聘公司副經理、財務負責人；
（七）決定聘任或者解聘除應由董事會決定聘任或者解聘以外的負責管理人員；
（八）董事會授予的其他職權。
公司章程對經理職權另有規定的，從其規定。
經理列席董事會會議。
第五十一條 股東人數較少或者規模較小的有限責任公司，可以設一名執行董事，不設董事會。執行董事可以兼任公司經理。
執行董事的職權由公司章程規定。
第五十二條 有限責任公司設監事會，其成員不得少于三人。股東人數較少或者規模較小的有限責任公司，可以設一至二名監事，不設監事會。
監事會應當包括股東代表和適當比例的公司職工代表，其中職工代表的比例不得低于三分之一，具體比例由公司章程規定。監事會中的職工代表由公司職工通過職工代表大會、職工大會或者其他形式民主選舉產生。
監事會設主席一人，由全體監事過半數選舉產生。監事會主席召集和主持監事會會議；監事會主席不能履行職務或者不履行職務的，由半數以上監事共同推舉一名監事召集和主持監事會會議。
董事、高級管理人員不得兼任監事。
第五十三條 監事的任期每屆為三年。監事任期屆滿，連選可以連任。
監事任期屆滿未及時改選，或者監事在任期內辭職導致監事會成員低于法定人數的，在改選出的監事就任前，原監事仍應當依照法律、行政法規和公司章程的規定，履行監事職務。
第五十四條 監事會、不設監事會的公司的監事行使下列職權：
（一）檢查公司財務；
（二）對董事、高級管理人員執行公司職務的行為進行監督，對違反法律、行政法規、公司章程或者股東會決議的董事、高級管理人員提出罷免的建議；
（三）當董事、高級管理人員的行為損害公司的利益時，要求董事、高級管理人員予以糾正；
（四）提議召開臨時股東會會議，在董事會不履行本法規定的召集和主持股東會會議職責時召集和主持股東會會議；
（五）向股東會會議提出提案；
（六）依照本法第一百五十二條的規定，對董事、高級管理人員提起訴訟；
（七）公司章程規定的其他職權。
第五十五條 監事可以列席董事會會議，并對董事會決議事項提出質詢或者建議。
監事會、不設監事會的公司的監事發現公司經營情況異常，可以進行調查；必要時，可以聘請會計師事務所等協助其工作，費用由公司承擔。
第五十六條 監事會每年度至少召開一次會議，監事可以提議召開臨時監事會會議。
監事會的議事方式和表決程序，除本法有規定的外，由公司章程規定。
監事會決議應當經半數以上監事通過。
監事會應當對所議事項的決定作成會議記錄，出席會議的監事應當在會議記錄上簽名。
第五十七條 監事會、不設監事會的公司的監事行使職權所必需的費用，由公司承擔。
第三節 一人有限責任公司的特別規定
第五十八條 一人有限責任公司的設立和組織機構，適用本節規定；本節沒有規定的，適用本章第一節、第二節的規定。
本法所稱一人有限責任公司，是指只有一個自然人股東或者一個法人股東的有限責任公司。
第五十九條 一人有限責任公司的注冊資本最低限額為人民幣十萬元。股東應當一次足額繳納公司章程規定的出資額。
一個自然人只能投資設立一個一人有限責任公司。該一人有限責任公司不能投資設立新的一人有限責任公司。
第六十條 一人有限責任公司應當在公司登記中注明自然人獨資或者法人獨資，并在公司營業執照中載明。
第六十一條 一人有限責任公司章程由股東制定。
第六十二條 一人有限責任公司不設股東會。股東作出本法第三十八條第一款所列決定時，應當采用書面形式，并由股東簽名后置備于公司。
第六十三條 一人有限責任公司應當在每一會計年度終了時編制財務會計報告，并經會計師事務所審計。
第六十四條 一人有限責任公司的股東不能證明公司財產獨立于股東自己的財產的，應當對公司債務承擔連帶責任。
第四節 國有獨資公司的特別規定
第六十五條 國有獨資公司的設立和組織機構，適用本節規定；本節沒有規定的，適用本章第一節、第二節的規定。
本法所稱國有獨資公司，是指國家單獨出資、由國務院或者地方人民政府授權本級人民政府國有資產監督管理機構履行出資人職責的有限責任公司。
第六十六條 國有獨資公司章程由國有資產監督管理機構制定，或者由董事會制訂報國有資產監督管理機構批準。
第六十七條 國有獨資公司不設股東會，由國有資產監督管理機構行使股東會職權。國有資產監督管理機構可以授權公司董事會行使股東會的部分職權，決定公司的重大事項，但公司的合并、分立、解散、增加或者減少注冊資本和發行公司債券，必須由國有資產監督管理機構決定；其中，重要的國有獨資公司合并、分立、解散、申請破產的，應當由國有資產監督管理機構審核后，報本級人民政府批準。
前款所稱重要的國有獨資公司，按照國務院的規定確定。
第六十八條 國有獨資公司設董事會，依照本法第四十七條、第六十七條的規定行使職權。董事每屆任期不得超過三年。董事會成員中應當有公司職工代表。
董事會成員由國有資產監督管理機構委派；但是，董事會成員中的職工代表由公司職工代表大會選舉產生。
董事會設董事長一人，可以設副董事長。董事長、副董事長由國有資產監督管理機構從董事會成員中指定。
第六十九條 國有獨資公司設經理，由董事會聘任或者解聘。經理依照本法第五十條規定行使職權。
經國有資產監督管理機構同意，董事會成員可以兼任經理。
第七十條 國有獨資公司的董事長、副董事長、董事、高級管理人員，未經國有資產監督管理機構同意，不得在其他有限責任公司、股份有限公司或者其他經濟組織兼職。
第七十一條 國有獨資公司監事會成員不得少于五人，其中職工代表的比例不得低于三分之一，具體比例由公司章程規定。
監事會成員由國有資產監督管理機構委派；但是，監事會成員中的職工代表由公司職工代表大會選舉產生。監事會主席由國有資產監督管理機構從監事會成員中指定。
監事會行使本法第五十四條第（一）項至第（三）項規定的職權和國務院規定的其他職權。
新公司法--第三章 有限責任公司的股權轉讓
第七十二條 有限責任公司的股東之間可以相互轉讓其全部或者部分股權。
股東向股東以外的人轉讓股權，應當經其他股東過半數同意。股東應就其股權轉讓事項書面通知其他股東征求同意，其他股東自接到書面通知之日起滿三十日未答復的，視為同意轉讓。,其他股東半數以上不同意轉讓的，不同意的股東應當購買該轉讓的股權；不購買的，視為同意轉讓。
經股東同意轉讓的股權，在同等條件下，其他股東有優先購買權。兩個以上股東主張行使優先購買權的，協商確定各自的購買比例；協商不成的，按照轉讓時各自的出資比例行使優先購買權。
公司章程對股權轉讓另有規定的，從其規定。
第七十三條 人民法院依照法律規定的強制執行程序轉讓股東的股權時，應當通知公司及全體股東，其他股東在同等條件下有優先購買權。其他股東自人民法院通知之日起滿二十日不行使優先購買權的，視為放棄優先購買權。
第七十四條 依照本法第七十二條、第七十三條轉讓股權后，公司應當注銷原股東的出資證明書，向新股東簽發出資證明書，并相應修改公司章程和股東名冊中有關股東及其出資額的記載。對公司章程的該項修改不需再由股東會表決。
第七十五條 有下列情形之一的，對股東會該項決議投反對票的股東可以請求公司按照合理的價格收購其股權：
（一）公司連續五年不向股東分配利潤，而公司該五年連續盈利，并且符合本法規定的分配利潤條件的；
（二）公司合并、分立、轉讓主要財產的；
（三）公司章程規定的營業期限屆滿或者章程規定的其他解散事由出現，股東會會議通過決議修改章程使公司存續的。
自股東會會議決議通過之日起六十日內，股東與公司不能達成股權收購協議的，股東可以自股東會會議決議通過之日起九十日內向人民法院提起訴訟。
第七十六條 自然人股東死亡后，其合法繼承人可以繼承股東資格；但是，公司章程另有規定的除外。
新公司法--第四章股份有限公司的設立和組織機構
第一節 設 立
第七十七條 設立股份有限公司，應當具備下列條件：
（一）發起人符合法定人數；
（二）發起人認購和募集的股本達到法定資本最低限額；
（三）股份發行、籌辦事項符合法律規定；
（四）發起人制訂公司章程，采用募集方式設立的經創立大會通過；
（五）有公司名稱，建立符合股份有限公司要求的組織機構；
（六）有公司住所。
第七十八條 股份有限公司的設立，可以采取發起設立或者募集設立的方式。
發起設立，是指由發起人認購公司應發行的全部股份而設立公司。
募集設立，是指由發起人認購公司應發行股份的一部分，其余股份向社會公開募集或者向特定對象募集而設立公司。
第七十九條 設立股份有限公司，應當有二人以上二百人以下為發起人，其中須有半數以上的發起人在中國境內有住所。
第八十條 股份有限公司發起人承擔公司籌辦事務。
發起人應當簽訂發起人協議，明確各自在公司設立過程中的權利和義務。
第八十一條 股份有限公司采取發起設立方式設立的，注冊資本為在公司登記機關登記的全體發起人認購的股本總額。公司全體發起人的首次出資額不得低于注冊資本的百分之二十，其余部分由發起人自公司成立之日起兩年內繳足；其中，投資公司可以在五年內繳足。在繳足前，不得向他人募集股份。
股份有限公司采取募集方式設立的，注冊資本為在公司登記機關登記的實收股本總額。
股份有限公司注冊資本的最低限額為人民幣五百萬元。法律、行政法規對股份有限公司注冊資本的最低限額有較高規定的，從其規定。
第八十二條 股份有限公司章程應當載明下列事項：
（一）公司名稱和住所；
（二）公司經營范圍；
（三）公司設立方式；
（四）公司股份總數、每股金額和注冊資本；
（五）發起人的姓名或者名稱、認購的股份數、出資方式和出資時間；
（六）董事會的組成、職權和議事規則；
（七）公司法定代表人；
（八）監事會的組成、職權和議事規則；
（九）公司利潤分配辦法；
（十）公司的解散事由與清算辦法；
（十一）公司的通知和公告辦法；
（十二）股東大會會議認為需要規定的其他事項。
第八十三條 發起人的出資方式，適用本法第二十七條的規定。
第八十四條 以發起設立方式設立股份有限公司的，發起人應當書面認足公司章程規定其認購的股份；一次繳納的，應即繳納全部出資；分期繳納的，應即繳納首期出資。以非貨幣財產出資的，應當依法辦理其財產權的轉移手續。
發起人不依照前款規定繳納出資的，應當按照發起人協議承擔違約責任。
發起人首次繳納出資后，應當選舉董事會和監事會，由董事會向公司登記機關報送公司章程、由依法設定的驗資機構出具的驗資證明以及法律、行政法規規定的其他文件，申請設立登記。
第八十五條 以募集設立方式設立股份有限公司的，發起人認購的股份不得少于公司股份總數的百分之三十五；但是，法律、行政法規另有規定的，從其規定。
第八十六條 發起人向社會公開募集股份，必須公告招股說明書，并制作認股書。認股書應當載明本法第八十七條所列事項，由認股人填寫認購股數、金額、住所，并簽名、蓋章。認股人按照所認購股數繳納股款。
第八十七條 招股說明書應當附有發起人制訂的公司章程，并載明下列事項：
（一）發起人認購的股份數；
（二）每股的票面金額和發行價格；
（三）無記名股票的發行總數；
（四）募集資金的用途；
（五）認股人的權利、義務；
（六）本次募股的起止期限及逾期未募足時認股人可以撤回所認股份的說明。
第八十八條 發起人向社會公開募集股份，應當由依法設立的證券公司承銷，簽訂承銷協議。
第八十九條 發起人向社會公開募集股份，應當同銀行簽訂代收股款協議。
代收股款的銀行應當按照協議代收和保存股款，向繳納股款的認股人出具收款單據，并負有向有關部門出具收款證明的義務。
第九十條 發行股份的股款繳足后，必須經依法設立的驗資機構驗資并出具證明。發起人應當自股款繳足之日起三十日內主持召開公司創立大會。創立大會由發起人、認股人組成。
發行的股份超過招股說明書規定的截止期限尚未募足的，或者發行股份的股款繳足后，發起人在三十日內未召開創立大會的，認股人可以按照所繳股款并加算銀行同期存款利息，要求發起人返還。
第九十一條 發起人應當在創立大會召開十五日前將會議日期通知各認股人或者予以公告。創立大會應有代表股份總數過半數的發起人、認股人出席，方可舉行。
創立大會行使下列職權：
（一）審議發起人關于公司籌辦情況的報告；
（二）通過公司章程；
（三）選舉董事會成員；
（四）選舉監事會成員；
（五）對公司的設立費用進行審核；
（六）對發起人用于抵作股款的財產的作價進行審核；
（七）發生不可抗力或者經營條件發生重大變化直接影響公司設立的，可以作出不設立公司的決議。
創立大會對前款所列事項作出決議，必須經出席會議的認股人所持表決權過半數通過。
第九十二條 發起人、認股人繳納股款或者交付抵作股款的出資后，除未按期募足股份、發起人未按期召開創立大會或者創立大會決議不設立公司的情形外，不得抽回其股本。
第九十三條 董事會應于創立大會結束后三十日內，向公司登記機關報送下列文件，申請設立登記：
（一）公司登記申請書；
（二）創立大會的會議記錄；
（三）公司章程；
（四）驗資證明；
（五）法定代表人、董事、監事的任職文件及其身份證明；
（六）發起人的法人資格證明或者自然人身份證明；
（七）公司住所證明。
以募集方式設立股份有限公司公開發行股票的，還應當向公司登記機關報送國務院證券監督管理機構的核準文件。
第九十四條 股份有限公司成立后，發起人未按照公司章程的規定繳足出資的，應當補繳；其他發起人承擔連帶責任。
股份有限公司成立后，發現作為設立公司出資的非貨幣財產的實際價額顯著低于公司章程所定價額的，應當由交付該出資的發起人補足其差額；其他發起人承擔連帶責任。
第九十五條 股份有限公司的發起人應當承擔下列責任：
（一）公司不能成立時，對設立行為所產生的債務和費用負連帶責任；
（二）公司不能成立時，對認股人已繳納的股款，負返還股款并加算銀行同期存款利息的連帶責任；
（三）在公司設立過程中，由于發起人的過失致使公司利益受到損害的，應當對公司承擔賠償責任。
第九十六條 有限責任公司變更為股份有限公司時，折合的實收股本總額不得高于公司凈資產額。有限責任公司變更為股份有限公司，為增加資本公開發行股份時，應當依法辦理。
第九十七條 股份有限公司應當將公司章程、股東名冊、公司債券存根、股東大會會議記錄、董事會會議記錄、監事會會議記錄、財務會計報告置備于本公司。
第九十八條 股東有權查閱公司章程、股東名冊、公司債券存根、股東大會會議記錄、董事會會議決議、監事會會議決議、財務會計報告，對公司的經營提出建議或者質詢。
第二節股東大會
第九十九條股份有限公司股東大會由全體股東組成。股東大會是公司的權力機構，依照本法行使職權。
第一百條本法第三十八條第一款關于有限責任公司股東會職權的規定，適用于股份有限公司股東大會。
第一百零一條股東大會應當每年召開一次年會。有下列情形之一的，應當在兩個月內召開臨時股東大會：
（一）董事人數不足本法規定人數或者公司章程所定人數的三分之二時；
（二）公司未彌補的虧損達實收股本總額三分之一時；
（三）單獨或者合計持有公司百分之十以上股份的股東請求時；
（四）董事會認為必要時；
（五）監事會提議召開時；
（六）公司章程規定的其他情形。
第一百零二條 股東大會會議由董事會召集，董事長主持；董事長不能履行職務或者不履行職務的，由副董事長主持；副董事長不能履行職務或者不履行職務的，由半數以上董事共同推舉一名董事主持。
董事會不能履行或者不履行召集股東大會會議職責的，監事會應當及時召集和主持；監事會不召集和主持的，連續九十日以上單獨或者合計持有公司百分之十以上股份的股東可以自行召集和主持。
第一百零三條 召開股東大會會議，應當將會議召開的時間、地點和審議的事項于會議召開二十日前通知各股東；臨時股東大會應當于會議召開十五日前通知各股東；發行無記名股票的，應當于會議召開三十日前公告會議召開的時間、地點和審議事項。
單獨或者合計持有公司百分之三以上股份的股東，可以在股東大會召開十日前提出臨時提案并書面提交董事會；董事會應當在收到提案后二日內通知其他股東，并將該臨時提案提交股東大會審議。臨時提案的內容應當屬于股東大會職權范圍，并有明確議題和具體決議事項。
股東大會不得對前兩款通知中未列明的事項作出決議。
無記名股票持有人出席股東大會會議的，應當于會議召開五日前至股東大會閉會時將股票交存于公司。
第一百零四條 股東出席股東大會會議，所持每一股份有一表決權。但是，公司持有的本公司股份沒有表決權。
股東大會作出決議，必須經出席會議的股東所持表決權過半數通過。但是，股東大會作出修改公司章程、增加或者減少注冊資本的決議，以及公司合并、分立、解散或者變更公司形式的決議，必須經出席會議的股東所持表決權的三分之二以上通過。
第一百零五條 本法和公司章程規定公司轉讓、受讓重大資產或者對外提供擔保等事項必須經股東大會作出決議的，董事會應當及時召集股東大會會議，由股東大會就上述事項進行表決。
第一百零六條 股東大會選舉董事、監事，可以依照公司章程的規定或者股東大會的決議，實行累積投票制。
本法所稱累積投票制，是指股東大會選舉董事或者監事時，每一股份擁有與應選董事或者監事人數相同的表決權，股東擁有的表決權可以集中使用。
第一百零七條 股東可以委托代理人出席股東大會會議，代理人應當向公司提交股東授權委托書，并在授權范圍內行使表決權。
第一百零八條 股東大會應當對所議事項的決定作成會議記錄，主持人、出席會議的董事應當在會議記錄上簽名。會議記錄應當與出席股東的簽名冊及代理出席的委托書一并保存。
第三節 董事會、經理
第一百零九條 股份有限公司設董事會，其成員為五人至十九人。
董事會成員中可以有公司職工代表。董事會中的職工代表由公司職工通過職工代表大會、職工大會或者其他形式民主選舉產生。
本法第四十六條關于有限責任公司董事任期的規定，適用于股份有限公司董事。
本法第四十七條關于有限責任公司董事會職權的規定，適用于股份有限公司董事會。
第一百一十條 董事會設董事長一人，可以設副董事長。董事長和副董事長由董事會以全體董事的過半數選舉產生。
董事長召集和主持董事會會議，檢查董事會決議的實施情況。副董事長協助董事長工作，董事長不能履行職務或者不履行職務的，由副董事長履行職務；副董事長不能履行職務或者不履行職務的，由半數以上董事共同推舉一名董事履行職務。
第一百一十一條 董事會每年度至少召開兩次會議，每次會議應當于會議召開十日前通知全體董事和監事。
代表十分之一以上表決權的股東、三分之一以上董事或者監事會，可以提議召開董事會臨時會議。董事長應當自接到提議后十日內，召集和主持董事會會議。
董事會召開臨時會議，可以另定召集董事會的通知方式和通知時限。
第一百一十二條 董事會會議應有過半數的董事出席方可舉行。董事會作出決議，必須經全體董事的過半數通過。
董事會決議的表決，實行一人一票。
第一百一十三條 董事會會議，應由董事本人出席；董事因故不能出席，可以書面委托其他董事代為出席，委托書中應載明授權范圍。
董事會應當對會議所議事項的決定作成會議記錄，出席會議的董事應當在會議記錄上簽名。
董事應當對董事會的決議承擔責任。董事會的決議違反法律、行政法規或者公司章程、股東大會決議，致使公司遭受嚴重損失的，參與決議的董事對公司負賠償責任。但經證明在表決時曾表明異議并記載于會議記錄的，該董事可以免除責任。
第一百一十四條 股份有限公司設經理，由董事會決定聘任或者解聘。
本法第五十條關于有限責任公司經理職權的規定，適用于股份有限公司經理。
第一百一十五條 公司董事會可以決定由董事會成員兼任經理。
第一百一十六條 公司不得直接或者通過子公司向董事、監事、高級管理人員提供借款。
第一百一十七條 公司應當定期向股東披露董事、監事、高級管理人員從公司獲得報酬的情況。
第四節 監事會
第一百一十八條 股份有限公司設監事會，其成員不得少于三人。
監事會應當包括股東代表和適當比例的公司職工代表，其中職工代表的比例不得低于三分之一，具體比例由公司章程規定。監事會中的職工代表由公司職工通過職工代表大會、職工大會或者其他形式民主選舉產生。
監事會設主席一人，可以設副主席。監事會主席和副主席由全體監事過半數選舉產生。監事會主席召集和主持監事會會議；監事會主席不能履行職務或者不履行職務的，由監事會副主席召集和主持監事會會議；監事會副主席不能履行職務或者不履行職務的，由半數以上監事共同推舉一名監事召集和主持監事會會議。
董事、高級管理人員不得兼任監事。
本法第五十三條關于有限責任公司監事任期的規定，適用于股份有限公司監事。
第一百一十九條 本法第五十四條、第五十五條關于有限責任公司監事會職權的規定，適用于股份有限公司監事會。
監事會行使職權所必需的費用，由公司承擔。
第一百二十條 監事會每六個月至少召開一次會議。監事可以提議召開臨時監事會會議。
監事會的議事方式和表決程序，除本法有規定的外，由公司章程規定。
監事會決議應當經半數以上監事通過。
監事會應當對所議事項的決定作成會議記錄，出席會議的監事應當在會議記錄上簽名。
第五節 上市公司組織機構的特別規定
第一百二十一條 本法所稱上市公司，是指其股票在證券交易所上市交易的股份有限公司。
第一百二十二條 上市公司在一年內購買、出售重大資產或者擔保金額超過公司資產總額百分之三十的，應當由股東大會作出決議，并經出席會議的股東所持表決權的三分之二以上通過。
第一百二十三條 上市公司設立獨立董事，具體辦法由國務院規定。
第一百二十四條 上市公司設董事會秘書，負責公司股東大會和董事會會議的籌備、文件保管以及公司股東資料的管理，辦理信息披露事務等事宜。
第一百二十五條 上市公司董事與董事會會議決議事項所涉及的企業有關聯關系的，不得對該項決議行使表決權，也不得代理其他董事行使表決權。該董事會會議由過半數的無關聯關系董事出席即可舉行，董事會會議所作決議須經無關聯關系董事過半數通過。出席董事會的無關聯關系董事人數不足三人的，應將該事項提交上市公司股東大會審議。
新公司法--第五章 股份有限公司的股份發行和轉讓
第一節 股份發行
第一百二十六條 股份有限公司的資本劃分為股份，每一股的金額相等。
公司的股份采取股票的形式。股票是公司簽發的證明股東所持股份的憑證。
第一百二十七條 股份的發行，實行公平、公正的原則，同種類的每一股份應當具有同等權利。
同次發行的同種類股票，每股的發行條件和價格應當相同；任何單位或者個人所認購的股份，每股應當支付相同價額。
第一百二十八條 股票發行價格可以按票面金額，也可以超過票面金額，但不得低于票面金額。
第一百二十九條 股票采用紙面形式或者國務院證券監督管理機構規定的其他形式。
股票應當載明下列主要事項：
（一）公司名稱；
（二）公司成立日期；
（三）股票種類、票面金額及代表的股份數；
（四）股票的編號。
股票由法定代表人簽名，公司蓋章。
發起人的股票，應當標明發起人股票字樣。
第一百三十條 公司發行的股票，可以為記名股票，也可以為無記名股票。
公司向發起人、法人發行的股票，應當為記名股票，并應當記載該發起人、法人的名稱或者姓名，不得另立戶名或者以代表人姓名記名。
第一百三十一條 公司發行記名股票的，應當置備股東名冊，記載下列事項：
（一）股東的姓名或者名稱及住所；
（二）各股東所持股份數；
（三）各股東所持股票的編號；
（四）各股東取得股份的日期。
發行無記名股票的，公司應當記載其股票數量、編號及發行日期。
第一百三十二條 國務院可以對公司發行本法規定以外的其他種類的股份，另行作出規定。
第一百三十三條 股份有限公司成立后，即向股東正式交付股票。公司成立前不得向股東交付股票。
第一百三十四條 公司發行新股，股東大會應當對下列事項作出決議：
（一）新股種類及數額；
（二）新股發行價格；
（三）新股發行的起止日期；
（四）向原有股東發行新股的種類及數額。
第一百三十五條 公司經國務院證券監督管理機構核準公開發行新股時，必須公告新股招股說明書和財務會計報告，并制作認股書。
本法第八十八條、第八十九條的規定適用于公司公開發行新股。
第一百三十六條 公司發行新股，可以根據公司經營情況和財務狀況，確定其作價方案。
第一百三十七條 公司發行新股募足股款后，必須向公司登記機關辦理變更登記，并公告。
第二節 股份轉讓
第一百三十八條 股東持有的股份可以依法轉讓。
第一百三十九條 股東轉讓其股份，應當在依法設立的證券交易場所進行或者按照國務院規定的其他方式進行。
第一百四十條 記名股票，由股東以背書方式或者法律、行政法規規定的其他方式轉讓；轉讓后由公司將受讓人的姓名或者名稱及住所記載于股東名冊。
股東大會召開前二十日內或者公司決定分配股利的基準日前五日內，不得進行前款規定的股東名冊的變更登記。但是，法律對上市公司股東名冊變更登記另有規定的，從其規定。
第一百四十一條 無記名股票的轉讓，由股東將該股票交付給受讓人后即發生轉讓的效力。
第一百四十二條 發起人持有的本公司股份，自公司成立之日起一年內不得轉讓。公司公開發行股份前已發行的股份，自公司股票在證券交易所上市交易之日起一年內不得轉讓。
公司董事、監事、高級管理人員應當向公司申報所持有的本公司的股份及其變動情況，在任職期間每年轉讓的股份不得超過其所持有本公司股份總數的百分之二十五；所持本公司股份自公司股票上市交易之日起一年內不得轉讓。上述人員離職后半年內，不得轉讓其所持有的本公司股份。公司章程可以對公司董事、監事、高級管理人員轉讓其所持有的本公司股份作出其他限制性規定。
第一百四十三條 公司不得收購本公司股份。但是，有下列情形之一的除外：
（一）減少公司注冊資本；
（二）與持有本公司股份的其他公司合并；
（三）將股份獎勵給本公司職工；
（四）股東因對股東大會作出的公司合并、分立決議持異議，要求公司收購其股份的。
公司因前款第（一）項至第（三）項的原因收購本公司股份的，應當經股東大會決議。公司依照前款規定收購本公司股份后，屬于第（一）項情形的，應當自收購之日起十日內注銷；屬于第（二）項、第（四）項情形的，應當在六個月內轉讓或者注銷。
公司依照第一款第（三）項規定收購的本公司股份，不得超過本公司已發行股份總額的百分之五；用于收購的資金應當從公司的稅后利潤中支出；所收購的股份應當在一年內轉讓給職工。
公司不得接受本公司的股票作為質押權的標的。
第一百四十四條 記名股票被盜、遺失或者滅失，股東可以依照《中華人民共和國民事訴訟法》規定的公示催告程序，請求人民法院宣告該股票失效。人民法院宣告該股票失效后，股東可以向公司申請補發股票。
第一百四十五條 上市公司的股票，依照有關法律、行政法規及證券交易所交易規則上市交易。
第一百四十六條 上市公司必須依照法律、行政法規的規定，公開其財務狀況、經營情況及重大訴訟，在每會計年度內半年公布一次財務會計報告。
新公司法--第六章 公司董事、監事、高級管理人員的資格和義務
第一百四十七條 有下列情形之一的，不得擔任公司的董事、監事、高級管理人員：
（一）無民事行為能力或者限制民事行為能力；
（二）因貪污、賄賂、侵占財產、挪用財產或者破壞社會主義市場經濟秩序，被判處刑罰，執行期滿未逾五年，或者因犯罪被剝奪政治權利，執行期滿未逾五年；
（三）擔任破產清算的公司、企業的董事或者廠長、經理，對該公司、企業的破產負有個人責任的，自該公司、企業破產清算完結之日起未逾三年；
（四）擔任因違法被吊銷營業執照、責令關閉的公司、企業的法定代表人，并負有個人責任的，自該公司、企業被吊銷營業執照之日起未逾三年；
（五）個人所負數額較大的債務到期未清償。
公司違反前款規定選舉、委派董事、監事或者聘任高級管理人員的，該選舉、委派或者聘任無效。
董事、監事、高級管理人員在任職期間出現本條第一款所列情形的，公司應當解除其職務。
第一百四十八條 董事、監事、高級管理人員應當遵守法律、行政法規和公司章程，對公司負有忠實義務和勤勉義務。
董事、監事、高級管理人員不得利用職權收受賄賂或者其他非法收入，不得侵占公司的財產。
第一百四十九條 董事、高級管理人員不得有下列行為：
（一）挪用公司資金；
（二）將公司資金以其個人名義或者以其他個人名義開立賬戶存儲；
（三）違反公司章程的規定，未經股東會、股東大會或者董事會同意，將公司資金借貸給他人或者以公司財產為他人提供擔保；
（四）違反公司章程的規定或者未經股東會、股東大會同意，與本公司訂立合同或者進行交易；
（五）未經股東會或者股東大會同意，利用職務便利為自己或者他人謀取屬于公司的商業機會，自營或者為他人經營與所任職公司同類的業務；
（六）接受他人與公司交易的傭金歸為己有；
（七）擅自披露公司秘密；
（八）違反對公司忠實義務的其他行為。
董事、高級管理人員違反前款規定所得的收入應當歸公司所有。
第一百五十條 董事、監事、高級管理人員執行公司職務時違反法律、行政法規或者公司章程的規定，給公司造成損失的，應當承擔賠償責任。
第一百五十一條 股東會或者股東大會要求董事、監事、高級管理人員列席會議的，董事、監事、高級管理人員應當列席并接受股東的質詢。
董事、高級管理人員應當如實向監事會或者不設監事會的有限責任公司的監事提供有關情況和資料，不得妨礙監事會或者監事行使職權。
第一百五十二條 董事、高級管理人員有本法第一百五十條規定的情形的，有限責任公司的股東、股份有限公司連續一百八十日以上單獨或者合計持有公司百分之一以上股份的股東，可以書面請求監事會或者不設監事會的有限責任公司的監事向人民法院提起訴訟；監事有本法第一百五十條規定的情形的，前述股東可以書面請求董事會或者不設董事會的有限責任公司的執行董事向人民法院提起訴訟。
監事會、不設監事會的有限責任公司的監事，或者董事會、執行董事收到前款規定的股東書面請求后拒絕提起訴訟，或者自收到請求之日起三十日內未提起訴訟，或者情況緊急、不立即提起訴訟將會使公司利益受到難以彌補的損害的，前款規定的股東有權為了公司的利益以自己的名義直接向人民法院提起訴訟。
他人侵犯公司合法權益，給公司造成損失的，本條第一款規定的股東可以依照前兩款的規定向人民法院提起訴訟。
第一百五十三條 董事、高級管理人員違反法律、行政法規或者公司章程的規定，損害股東利益的，股東可以向人民法院提起訴訟。
新公司法--第七章 公司債券
第一百五十四條 本法所稱公司債券，是指公司依照法定程序發行、約定在一定期限還本付息的有價證券。
公司發行公司債券應當符合《中華人民共和國證券法》規定的發行條件。
第一百五十五條 發行公司債券的申請經國務院授權的部門核準后，應當公告公司債券募集辦法。
公司債券募集辦法中應當載明下列主要事項：
（一）公司名稱；
（二）債券募集資金的用途；
（三）債券總額和債券的票面金額；
（四）債券利率的確定方式；
（五）還本付息的期限和方式；
（六）債券擔保情況；
（七）債券的發行價格、發行的起止日期；
（八）公司凈資產額；
（九）已發行的尚未到期的公司債券總額；
（十）公司債券的承銷機構。
第一百五十六條 公司以實物券方式發行公司債券的，必須在債券上載明公司名稱、債券票面金額、利率、償還期限等事項，并由法定代表人簽名，公司蓋章。
第一百五十七條 公司債券，可以為記名債券，也可以為無記名債券。
第一百五十八條 公司發行公司債券應當置備公司債券存根簿。
發行記名公司債券的，應當在公司債券存根簿上載明下列事項：
（一）債券持有人的姓名或者名稱及住所；
（二）債券持有人取得債券的日期及債券的編號；
（三）債券總額，債券的票面金額、利率、還本付息的期限和方式；
（四）債券的發行日期。
發行無記名公司債券的，應當在公司債券存根簿上載明債券總額、利率、償還期限和方式、發行日期及債券的編號。
第一百五十九條 記名公司債券的登記結算機構應當建立債券登記、存管、付息、兌付等相關制度。
第一百六十條 公司債券可以轉讓，轉讓價格由轉讓人與受讓人約定。
公司債券在證券交易所上市交易的，按照證券交易所的交易規則轉讓。
第一百六十一條 記名公司債券，由債券持有人以背書方式或者法律、行政法規規定的其他方式轉讓；轉讓后由公司將受讓人的姓名或者名稱及住所記載于公司債券存根簿。
無記名公司債券的轉讓，由債券持有人將該債券交付給受讓人后即發生轉讓的效力。
第一百六十二條 上市公司經股東大會決議可以發行可轉換為股票的公司債券，并在公司債券募集辦法中規定具體的轉換辦法。上市公司發行可轉換為股票的公司債券，應當報國務院證券監督管理機構核準。
發行可轉換為股票的公司債券，應當在債券上標明可轉換公司債券字樣，并在公司債券存根簿上載明可轉換公司債券的數額。
第一百六十三條 發行可轉換為股票的公司債券的，公司應當按照其轉換辦法向債券持有人換發股票，但債券持有人對轉換股票或者不轉換股票有選擇權。
新公司法--第八章 公司財務、會計
第一百六十四條 公司應當依照法律、行政法規和國務院財政部門的規定建立本公司的財務、會計制度。
第一百六十五條 公司應當在每一會計年度終了時編制財務會計報告，并依法經會計師事務所審計。
財務會計報告應當依照法律、行政法規和國務院財政部門的規定制作。
第一百六十六條 有限責任公司應當依照公司章程規定的期限將財務會計報告送交各股東。
股份有限公司的財務會計報告應當在召開股東大會年會的二十日前置備于本公司，供股東查閱；公開發行股票的股份有限公司必須公告其財務會計報告。
第一百六十七條 公司分配當年稅后利潤時，應當提取利潤的百分之十列入公司法定公積金。公司法定公積金累計額為公司注冊資本的百分之五十以上的，可以不再提取。
公司的法定公積金不足以彌補以前年度虧損的，在依照前款規定提取法定公積金之前，應當先用當年利潤彌補虧損。
公司從稅后利潤中提取法定公積金后，經股東會或者股東大會決議，還可以從稅后利潤中提取任意公積金。
公司彌補虧損和提取公積金后所余稅后利潤，有限責任公司依照本法第三十五條的規定分配；股份有限公司按照股東持有的股份比例分配，但股份有限公司章程規定不按持股比例分配的除外。
股東會、股東大會或者董事會違反前款規定，在公司彌補虧損和提取法定公積金之前向股東分配利潤的，股東必須將違反規定分配的利潤退還公司。
公司持有的本公司股份不得分配利潤。
第一百六十八條 股份有限公司以超過股票票面金額的發行價格發行股份所得的溢價款以及國務院財政部門規定列入資本公積金的其他收入，應當列為公司資本公積金。
第一百六十九條 公司的公積金用于彌補公司的虧損、擴大公司生產經營或者轉為增加公司資本。但是，資本公積金不得用于彌補公司的虧損。
法定公積金轉為資本時，所留存的該項公積金不得少于轉增前公司注冊資本的百分之二十五。
第一百七十條 公司聘用、解聘承辦公司審計業務的會計師事務所，依照公司章程的規定，由股東會、股東大會或者董事會決定。
公司股東會、股東大會或者董事會就解聘會計師事務所進行表決時，應當允許會計師事務所陳述意見。
第一百七十一條 公司應當向聘用的會計師事務所提供真實、完整的會計憑證、會計賬簿、財務會計報告及其他會計資料，不得拒絕、隱匿、謊報。
第一百七十二條 公司除法定的會計賬簿外，不得另立會計賬簿。
對公司資產，不得以任何個人名義開立賬戶存儲。
新公司法--第九章公司合并、分立、增資、減資
第一百七十三條公司合并可以采取吸收合并或者新設合并。
一個公司吸收其他公司為吸收合并，被吸收的公司解散。兩個以上公司合并設立一個新的公司為新設合并，合并各方解散。
第一百七十四條公司合并，應當由合并各方簽訂合并協議，并編制資產負債表及財產清單。公司應當自作出合并決議之日起十日內通知債權人，并于三十日內在報紙上公告。債權人自接到通知書之日起三十日內，未接到通知書的自公告之日起四十五日內，可以要求公司清償債務或者提供相應的擔保。
第一百七十五條公司合并時，合并各方的債權、債務，應當由合并后存續的公司或者新設的公司承繼。
第一百七十六條公司分立，其財產作相應的分割。
公司分立，應當編制資產負債表及財產清單。公司應當自作出分立決議之日起十日內通知債權人，并于三十日內在報紙上公告。
第一百七十七條公司分立前的債務由分立后的公司承擔連帶責任。但是，公司在分立前與債權人就債務清償達成的書面協議另有約定的除外。
第一百七十八條公司需要減少注冊資本時，必須編制資產負債表及財產清單。
公司應當自作出減少注冊資本決議之日起十日內通知債權人，并于三十日內在報紙上公告。債權人自接到通知書之日起三十日內，未接到通知書的自公告之日起四十五日內，有權要求公司清償債務或者提供相應的擔保。
公司減資后的注冊資本不得低于法定的最低限額。
第一百七十九條有限責任公司增加注冊資本時，股東認繳新增資本的出資，依照本法設立有限責任公司繳納出資的有關規定執行。
股份有限公司為增加注冊資本發行新股時，股東認購新股，依照本法設立股份有限公司繳納股款的有關規定執行。
第一百八十條公司合并或者分立，登記事項發生變更的，應當依法向公司登記機關辦理變更登記；公司解散的，應當依法辦理公司注銷登記；設立新公司的，應當依法辦理公司設立登記。
公司增加或者減少注冊資本，應當依法向公司登記機關辦理變更登記。
新公司法--第十章公司解散和清算
第一百八十一條公司因下列原因解散：
（一）公司章程規定的營業期限屆滿或者公司章程規定的其他解散事由出現；
（二）股東會或者股東大會決議解散；
（三）因公司合并或者分立需要解散；
（四）依法被吊銷營業執照、責令關閉或者被撤銷；
（五）人民法院依照本法第一百八十三條的規定予以解散。
第一百八十二條公司有本法第一百八十一條第（一）項情形的，可以通過修改公司章程而存續。
依照前款規定修改公司章程，有限責任公司須經持有三分之二以上表決權的股東通過，股份有限公司須經出席股東大會會議的股東所持表決權的三分之二以上通過。
第一百八十三條公司經營管理發生嚴重困難，繼續存續會使股東利益受到重大損失，通過其他途徑不能解決的，持有公司全部股東表決權百分之十以上的股東，可以請求人民法院解散公司。
第一百八十四條公司因本法第一百八十一條第（一）項、第（二）項、第（四）項、第（五）項規定而解散的，應當在解散事由出現之日起十五日內成立清算組，開始清算。有限責任公司的清算組由股東組成，股份有限公司的清算組由董事或者股東大會確定的人員組成。逾期不成立清算組進行清算的，債權人可以申請人民法院指定有關人員組成清算組進行清算。人民法院應當受理該申請，并及時組織清算組進行清算。
第一百八十五條清算組在清算期間行使下列職權：
（一）清理公司財產，分別編制資產負債表和財產清單；
（二）通知、公告債權人；
（三）處理與清算有關的公司未了結的業務；
（四）清繳所欠稅款以及清算過程中產生的稅款；
（五）清理債權、債務；
（六）處理公司清償債務后的剩余財產；
（七）代表公司參與民事訴訟活動。
第一百八十六條清算組應當自成立之日起十日內通知債權人，并于六十日內在報紙上公告。債權人應當自接到通知書之日起三十日內，未接到通知書的自公告之日起四十五日內，向清算組申報其債權。
債權人申報債權，應當說明債權的有關事項，并提供證明材料。清算組應當對債權進行登記。
在申報債權期間，清算組不得對債權人進行清償。
第一百八十七條清算組在清理公司財產、編制資產負債表和財產清單后，應當制定清算方案，并報股東會、股東大會或者人民法院確認。
公司財產在分別支付清算費用、職工的工資、社會保險費用和法定補償金，繳納所欠稅款，清償公司債務后的剩余財產，有限責任公司按照股東的出資比例分配，股份有限公司按照股東持有的股份比例分配。
清算期間，公司存續，但不得開展與清算無關的經營活動。公司財產在未依照前款規定清償前，不得分配給股東。
第一百八十八條清算組在清理公司財產、編制資產負債表和財產清單后，發現公司財產不足清償債務的，應當依法向人民法院申請宣告破產。
公司經人民法院裁定宣告破產后，清算組應當將清算事務移交給人民法院。
第一百八十九條公司清算結束后，清算組應當制作清算報告，報股東會、股東大會或者人民法院確認，并報送公司登記機關，申請注銷公司登記，公告公司終止。
第一百九十條清算組成員應當忠于職守，依法履行清算義務。
清算組成員不得利用職權收受賄賂或者其他非法收入，不得侵占公司財產。
清算組成員因故意或者重大過失給公司或者債權人造成損失的，應當承擔賠償責任。
第一百九十一條公司被依法宣告破產的，依照有關企業破產的法律實施破產清算。
新公司法--第十一章 外國公司的分支機構
第一百九十二條 本法所稱外國公司是指依照外國法律在中國境外設立的公司。
第一百九十三條 外國公司在中國境內設立分支機構，必須向中國主管機關提出申請，并提交其公司章程、所屬國的公司登記證書等有關文件，經批準后，向公司登記機關依法辦理登記，領取營業執照。
外國公司分支機構的審批辦法由國務院另行規定。
第一百九十四條 外國公司在中國境內設立分支機構，必須在中國境內指定負責該分支機構的代表人或者代理人，并向該分支機構撥付與其所從事的經營活動相適應的資金。
對外國公司分支機構的經營資金需要規定最低限額的，由國務院另行規定。
第一百九十五條 外國公司的分支機構應當在其名稱中標明該外國公司的國籍及責任形式。
外國公司的分支機構應當在本機構中置備該外國公司章程。
第一百九十六條 外國公司在中國境內設立的分支機構不具有中國法人資格。
外國公司對其分支機構在中國境內進行經營活動承擔民事責任。
第一百九十七條 經批準設立的外國公司分支機構，在中國境內從事業務活動，必須遵守中國的法律，不得損害中國的社會公共利益，其合法權益受中國法律保護。
第一百九十八條 外國公司撤銷其在中國境內的分支機構時，必須依法清償債務，依照本法有關公司清算程序的規定進行清算。未清償債務之前，不得將其分支機構的財產移至中國境外。
新公司法--第十二章法律責任
第一百九十九條 違反本法規定，虛報注冊資本、提交虛假材料或者采取其他欺詐手段隱瞞重要事實取得公司登記的，由公司登記機關責令改正，對虛報注冊資本的公司，處以虛報注冊資本金額百分之五以上百分之十五以下的罰款；對提交虛假材料或者采取其他欺詐手段隱瞞重要事實的公司，處以五萬元以上五十萬元以下的罰款；情節嚴重的，撤銷公司登記或者吊銷營業執照。
第二百條 公司的發起人、股東虛假出資，未交付或者未按期交付作為出資的貨幣或者非貨幣財產的，由公司登記機關責令改正，處以虛假出資金額百分之五以上百分之十五以下的罰款。
第二百零一條 公司的發起人、股東在公司成立后，抽逃其出資的，由公司登記機關責令改正，處以所抽逃出資金額百分之五以上百分之十五以下的罰款。
第二百零二條 公司違反本法規定，在法定的會計賬簿以外另立會計賬簿的，由縣級以上人民政府財政部門責令改正，處以五萬元以上五十萬元以下的罰款。
第二百零三條 公司在依法向有關主管部門提供的財務會計報告等材料上作虛假記載或者隱瞞重要事實的，由有關主管部門對直接負責的主管人員和其他直接責任人員處以三萬元以上三十萬元以下的罰款。
第二百零四條 公司不依照本法規定提取法定公積金的，由縣級以上人民政府財政部門責令如數補足應當提取的金額，可以對公司處以二十萬元以下的罰款。
第二百零五條 公司在合并、分立、減少注冊資本或者進行清算時，不依照本法規定通知或者公告債權人的，由公司登記機關責令改正，對公司處以一萬元以上十萬元以下的罰款。
公司在進行清算時，隱匿財產，對資產負債表或者財產清單作虛假記載或者在未清償債務前分配公司財產的，由公司登記機關責令改正，對公司處以隱匿財產或者未清償債務前分配公司財產金額百分之五以上百分之十以下的罰款；對直接負責的主管人員和其他直接責任人員處以一萬元以上十萬元以下的罰款。
第二百零六條 公司在清算期間開展與清算無關的經營活動的，由公司登記機關予以警告，沒收違法所得。
第二百零七條 清算組不依照本法規定向公司登記機關報送清算報告，或者報送清算報告隱瞞重要事實或者有重大遺漏的，由公司登記機關責令改正。
清算組成員利用職權徇私舞弊、謀取非法收入或者侵占公司財產的，由公司登記機關責令退還公司財產，沒收違法所得，并可以處以違法所得一倍以上五倍以下的罰款。
第二百零八條 承擔資產評估、驗資或者驗證的機構提供虛假材料的，由公司登記機關沒收違法所得，處以違法所得一倍以上五倍以下的罰款，并可以由有關主管部門依法責令該機構停業、吊銷直接責任人員的資格證書，吊銷營業執照。
承擔資產評估、驗資或者驗證的機構因過失提供有重大遺漏的報告的，由公司登記機關責令改正，情節較重的，處以所得收入一倍以上五倍以下的罰款，并可以由有關主管部門依法責令該機構停業、吊銷直接責任人員的資格證書，吊銷營業執照。
承擔資產評估、驗資或者驗證的機構因其出具的評估結果、驗資或者驗證證明不實，給公司債權人造成損失的，除能夠證明自己沒有過錯的外，在其評估或者證明不實的金額范圍內承擔賠償責任。
第二百零九條 公司登記機關對不符合本法規定條件的登記申請予以登記，或者對符合本法規定條件的登記申請不予登記的，對直接負責的主管人員和其他直接責任人員，依法給予行政處分。
第二百一十條 公司登記機關的上級部門強令公司登記機關對不符合本法規定條件的登記申請予以登記，或者對符合本法規定條件的登記申請不予登記的，或者對違法登記進行包庇的，對直接負責的主管人員和其他直接責任人員依法給予行政處分。
第二百一十一條 未依法登記為有限責任公司或者股份有限公司，而冒用有限責任公司或者股份有限公司名義的，或者未依法登記為有限責任公司或者股份有限公司的分公司，而冒用有限責任公司或者股份有限公司的分公司名義的，由公司登記機關責令改正或者予以取締，可以并處十萬元以下的罰款。
第二百一十二條 公司成立后無正當理由超過六個月未開業的，或者開業后自行停業連續六個月以上的，可以由公司登記機關吊銷營業執照。
公司登記事項發生變更時，未依照本法規定辦理有關變更登記的，由公司登記機關責令限期登記；逾期不登記的，處以一萬元以上十萬元以下的罰款。
第二百一十三條 外國公司違反本法規定，擅自在中國境內設立分支機構的，由公司登記機關責令改正或者關閉，可以并處五萬元以上二十萬元以下的罰款。
第二百一十四條 利用公司名義從事危害國家安全、社會公共利益的嚴重違法行為的，吊銷營業執照。
第二百一十五條 公司違反本法規定，應當承擔民事賠償責任和繳納罰款、罰金的，其財產不足以支付時，先承擔民事賠償責任。
第二百一十六條 違反本法規定，構成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責任。
新公司法--第十三章 附 則
第二百一十七條 本法下列用語的含義：
（一）高級管理人員，是指公司的經理、副經理、財務負責人，上市公司董事會秘書和公司章程規定的其他人員。
（二）控股股東，是指其出資額占有限責任公司資本總額百分之五十以上或者其持有的股份占股份有限公司股本總額百分之五十以上的股東；出資額或者持有股份的比例雖然不足百分之五十，但依其出資額或者持有的股份所享有的表決權已足以對股東會、股東大會的決議產生重大影響的股東。
（三）實際控制人，是指雖不是公司的股東，但通過投資關系、協議或者其他安排，能夠實際支配公司行為的人。
（四）關聯關系，是指公司控股股東、實際控制人、董事、監事、高級管理人員與其直接或者間接控制的企業之間的關系，以及可能導致公司利益轉移的其他關系。但是，國家控股的企業之間不僅因為同受國家控股而具有關聯關系。
第二百一十八條 外商投資的有限責任公司和股份有限公司適用本法；有關外商投資的法律另有規定的，適用其規定。
第二百一十九條 本法自2006年1月1日起施行。
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