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分詞
1 分詞作定語
分詞前置
We can see the rising sun. 我們可以看到東升的旭日
He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
分詞后置 (i分詞詞組；ii 個別分詞如given, left； iii 修飾不定代詞 something等)
There was a girl sitting there. 有個女孩坐在那里
This is the question given. 這是所給的問題
There is nothing interesting. 沒有有趣的東西
過去分詞作定語
與其修飾的詞是被動關(guān)系，相當于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.
典型例題
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written
答案D. 書與寫作是被動關(guān)系，應用過去分詞做定語表被動，相當于定語從句 which is written
2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
答案B. 主語language與謂語動詞之間有被動的含義。
spoken是動詞speak的過去分詞形式，在句中作定語，修飾主語language, spoken 與 language有被動關(guān)系。該句可以理解為：
What's the language (which is) spoken in German?
2 分詞作狀語
As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
-> Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
由于沒有收到他的信，我給他打了電話。
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
-> Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.
假如多給些照顧，那些樹會長得更好。
典型例題
1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed
答案B. Napoleon 與follow 之間有被動的含義。being followed除表達被動之外，還有動作正在進行之意。 followed by（被…跟隨）。本題可改為： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
答案B. 由于聲音在閃電后，因此為聲跟隨著光，聲音為跟隨的發(fā)出者，為主動。用現(xiàn)在分詞。
3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat
答案C. 本題要選一分詞作為狀語。現(xiàn)在分詞表主動，正在進行的；過去分詞表被動的，已經(jīng)完成的。對于液體來說是加熱的受動者，是被動的，因而選C。它相當于一個狀語從句 When it is heated，…
注意： 選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞，關(guān)鍵看主句的主語。如分詞的動作是主句的主語發(fā)出，分詞就選用現(xiàn)在分詞，反之就用過去分詞。
(Being ) used for a long time, the book looks old.
由于用了很長時間，這本書看上去很舊。
Using the book, I find it useful.
在使用的過程中， 我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有用。
3 連詞+分詞(短語)
有時為使分詞短語與主句關(guān)系更清楚，可在分詞前加連詞。 連詞有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分詞的主語和主句的主語必須為同一個，如：
While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
waiting 和saw 的主語相同。
4 分詞作補語
通常在感官動詞和使役動詞之后，如：
I found my car missing. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的車不見了。
I'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。
5 分詞作表語
現(xiàn)在分詞： 表示主動，正在進行
過去分詞： 表示被動，已經(jīng)完成
She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙著做飯，看上去有些疲倦。
He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。
6 分詞作插入語
其結(jié)構(gòu)是固定的，意思上的主語并不是句子的主語。
generally speaking 一般說來
talking of (speaking of) 說道
strictly speaking 嚴格的說
judging from 從…判斷
all things considered 從整體來看
taking all things into consideration 全面看來
Judging from his face, he must be ill. 從他的臉色看，他一定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 總的來說，狗比豬跑得快。 (speaking 并不是dogs 的動作)
7 分詞的時態(tài)
1）與主語動詞同時，
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 聽到這一消息，他高興得手舞足蹈。
Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 剛一到那兒，他們就發(fā)現(xiàn)那男孩死了。
典型例題
The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
答案B. 此處沒有連詞，不能選D，否則出現(xiàn)了兩個謂語動詞worked和was preparing。 只能在B，C中選一個。又因前后兩個動作同時發(fā)生，且與主語為主動關(guān)系，應用現(xiàn)在分詞。
2）先于主動詞
While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花園里散步時他傷了腿。
分詞作時間狀語，如果先與主動詞的動作，且強調(diào)先后， 要用having done。
Having finished his homework, he went out.
=As he had finished his homework, he went out.
做完作業(yè)后，他出去了。
典型例題
___ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
答案C. 本題考查分詞的時態(tài)與分詞的否定式。根據(jù)題意判斷，分詞的動作（接信）發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作（決心再寫信）之前，因此用分詞的完成式。分詞的否定式的構(gòu)成為not +分詞，故選C。該句可理解為：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.
8 分詞的語態(tài)
1）通常，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，過去分詞表示被動，例如：
He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…) 他就是給你錢的那個人。
He is the man stopped by the car. ( = who was stopped by…)
他就是那個被車攔住的人。
2）不及物動詞的過去分詞表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned
例: a well-read person. 一個讀過許多書的人
a much-travelled may 一個去過許多地方的人
a burnt-out match 燒完了的火柴
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